Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases

Gland and Hormone Related Diseases

All Conditions

Diabetes Mellitus

Eligible, randomized participants will receive no text message reminder.

Eligible, randomized participants will receive a generic text message reminding them to close their outstanding health gap.

Eligible, randomized participants will receive a text message reminding them to close their outstanding health gap. This message will contain an anecdote of a patient whose cancer was caught early through similar, recommended preventive screenings.

Eligible, randomized participants will receive a text message reminding them to close their outstanding health gap. This message will prompt people to take care of the health gap right away before it slips their mind.

The investigators will send randomized participants an SMS reminder encouraging them to click the provided link and close their outstanding, overdue preventive care measures.

The provided link will take them to their MyChart login page; after logging in, they would see their personalized My Action Plan Letter detailing their personalized, overdue preventive care measures.

Reminder of preventive care measures

The message will contain an anecdote of a patient whose cancer was caught early through similar, recommended preventive screenings.

Persuasion via anecdote

The message will prompt people to take care of the health gap right away before it slips their mind.

Behavioral: Action prompt

This is a prospective randomized clinical trial evaluating how behaviorally-informed outreach text message reminders impact patient engagement with primary care. This prospective randomized control trial is being implemented in conjunction with UCLA Health's larger quality improvement initiative (the My Action Plan Quality Improvement Initiative) in order to improve primary care preventive measure completion rates.

UCLA Health will launch an initiative called My Action Plan which is an outreach effort targeting the primary care patients at UCLA who have an outstanding, clinically indicated primary care preventative care gap (e.g., overdue colorectal cancer screening, outstanding diabetes tests) and aims at encouraging patients to complete their overdue health maintenance measures.

At the beginning of each month, identified UCLA Health primary care patients will be enrolled in a trial the investigators have pre-registered under the title "UCLA Health Patient Health Maintenance Outreach Text Message" and randomized to receive one of four text messages informing them that they have overdue health maintenance measures and urging them to take action to complete these measures. These text messages will contain a link to their MyChart patient portal account, specifically linking them to a My Action Plan electronic letter that will contain a personalized list of outstanding preventive care items and actionable steps to complete the items.

In March and April 2023, if participants do not open their My Action Plan electronic letter within 7 days after the initial outreach, they will be enrolled in the trial described in the current pre-registration. This trial will evaluate the effect of sending a text reminder about health gaps as well as compare the effectiveness of different outreach text reminders. Patients will be randomly assigned in a 1:1:1:1 ratio to either the holdout control condition (without a reminder) or one of the three reminder arms (receiving one of three text reminders 2 weeks after the initial outreach message). Additionally, within each text-reminder arm, patients will be randomized to one of three time slots for getting the reminder. The investigators will examine patients' interaction with these reminders and how that ultimately translates to them completing their indicated health maintenance measures.

The UCLA Department of Medicine (DOM) intends to roll out this QI initiative at the beginning of the 2023 calendar year and continue it for a span of at least 12 months. Each month, the initiative targets patients whose birthday falls into that month. This proposed trial will run for two months (March and April 2023).

Analysis Plan:

The investigators will utilize patient-level ordinary least squares (OLS) estimation, with statistical inferences based on model-robust standard errors. The primary model term will be indicator variables for arm assignment.

The analysis will adjust for sex, age, race/ethnicity, indicators for screenings/tests that patients are due for, and whether patients have upcoming primary care appointments. Missing covariate values will be handled by including 'unknown' indicators, along with mean imputation for quantitative covariates.

The investigators will use this dataset to address two separate research questions.

Research question 1: The investigators will compare the average of Arms 2-4 with Arm 1 to test the average effect of sending a text reminder. If the average effect is significant, the investigators will explore if Arms 2, 3, and 4 separately differ from Arm 1.

Research question 2: The investigators will compare Arm 3, Arm 4, with Arm 2 to test whether, compared to a simple (control) reminder, it is more effective to boost patients' intentions to close the health gap via an anecdote or to prompt patients to take actions quickly.

Exploratory analyses will investigate heterogeneous treatment effects by patients' baseline motivation (i.e., the extent to which patients seem to have some intentions to get the screenings/tests) in two ways. First, the investigators will use each patient's history of screenings/tests to construct a proxy for their baseline motivation to obtain the due screenings/tests. Specifically, the investigator will calculate, among all the screenings/tests that are included in the My Action Plan Initiative and that a patient was due for in the past few years (exact time window TBD based on data availability), what percentage was completed by the patient (as far as UCLA Health could tell). A higher percentage indicates a higher baseline motivation to get the screenings/tests patients are due for during the study period. Second, the investigators will obtain demographics and medical information that UCLA Health is willing to provide (e.g., gender, age, race/ethnicity, history of cancer and other pre-existing conditions, family cancer history, past adherence to screenings/tests that are included in the My Action Plan Initiative, past receipt of influenza vaccination, frequency of doctor visits; time window of these variables is TBD depending on data availability). With such information, the investigators will train an algorithm to predict patients' baseline motivation level using patients in the holdout condition (Arm 1) as the ground truth. Specifically, the investigators will take the aforementioned information about patients in Arm 1 as input, and use whether they complete any of the screenings/visits recommended in the My Action Plan letter within 6 months as the outcome measure. Then the investigators will apply the algorithm to all patients to predict their baseline motivation level. For both approaches, the proxy for baseline motivation (Approach 1) and the predicted baseline motivation level (Approach 2) will be used to analyze the heterogeneous treatment effects of (1) Arms 3 and 4 (vs. Arm 2) and (2) the combination of Arms 2 and 4 vs. Arm 1.

Additionally the investigators will investigate proxies for whether patients face structural barriers to get screenings/tests as moderators, including socioeconomic factors at the zipcode level, insurance type, proxies for accessibility to healthcare resources such as distance from UCLA Health clinics.

The investigators will also explore how the effect of text reminders varies across the three times of the day when the reminders will be sent.

UCLA Health Patient Health Maintenance Text Reminder

We do not plan to make any individual participant data available.

Percentage of participants across the different arms who open their personalized My Action Plan letter on MyChart

Percentage of participants across the different reminder arms who click on the link in the reminder message

Rate of which eligible participants directly schedule an appointment for diabetic retinal exams, diabetes education, or breast cancer screening in order to complete these overdue screening/test(s). These screenings/tests have dedicated appointment resources that people can directly schedule for.

Rate of which participants schedule an appointment to complete their overdue screening/test or start the online tool for colorectal screening

Rate of completion of at least one screening/test within the observation window.

UCLA Department of Medicine

University of California, Los Angeles

Clinical Instructor of Medicine

The control condition was a kernel message that included study information present in all conditions but did not include any of the message factors.

Message frame: proximal threats of smoking, cost of continued smoking, and loss of not participating in a tobacco treatment trial.

Message frame: proximal threats of smoking, cost of continued smoking, and gain of participating in a tobacco treatment trial.

Message frame: proximal threats of smoking, benefits of quitting, and gain of participating in a tobacco treatment trial.

Message frame: proximal threats of smoking, benefits of quitting, and loss of not participating in a tobacco treatment trial.

Message frame: distal threats of smoking, cost of continued smoking, and gain of participating in a tobacco treatment trial.

Message frame: distal threats of smoking, cost of continued smoking, and loss of not participating in a tobacco treatment trial.

Message frame: distal threats of smoking, benefits of quitting, and loss of not participating in a tobacco treatment trial.

Message frame: distal threats of smoking, benefits of quitting, and gain of participating in a tobacco treatment trial.

The first factor tested framing of the near, proximal threat of continued smoking.

Proximal

The first factor tested framing of the long-term, distal threat of continued smoking.

Distal

Cost framework measures the response efficacy to quitting smoking by displaying costs of continued smoking.

Cost

Benefit framework measures the response efficacy to quitting smoking by displaying benefits of quitting.

Benefit

The third factor tested framing of the response efficacy of participating in a cessation study by utilizing loss of not participating in a smoking cessation.

Loss

The third factor tested framing of the response efficacy of participating in a cessation study by utilizing gain of participating in a smoking cessation.

Gain

Does not include any of the three message factors.

Control

Jordan Neil, Ph.D.

The objective of this study was to conduct a pilot factorial randomized trial to identify the message frames that are most effective in promoting participation in a tobacco treatment trial for current smokers recently diagnosed with cancer. To do so, we used a multimethod approach to evaluate 3 different message frames across evaluation, effectiveness, and outcome measures. We combine findings from a message design experiment with textual analytic software to provide a holistic understanding of how message frames may or may not differentially affect tobacco treatment trial participation within the context of a cancer diagnosis.

Background: A cancer diagnosis can catalyze motivation to quit smoking. Tobacco treatment trials offer cessation resources but have low accrual rates. Digital outreach may improve accrual, but knowledge of how best to recruit smokers with recent diagnoses is limited.

Objective: This study aims to identify the message frames that were most effective in promoting intent to talk to a physician about participating in a tobacco treatment trial for smokers recently diagnosed with cancer.

Methods: From February to April 2019, current smokers diagnosed within the past 24 months were recruited from a national web-based panel for a multimethod pilot randomized trial (N=99). Participants were randomized to a 2×3 plus control factorial design that tested 3 unique message frames: proximal versus distal threats of smoking, costs of continued smoking versus benefits of quitting, and gains of participating versus losses of not participating in a tobacco treatment trial.

Recruitment Messages for Current Smokers Recently Diagnosed With Cancer

A Multimethod Evaluation of Tobacco Treatment Trial Recruitment Messages for Current Smokers Recently Diagnosed With Cancer: Pilot Factorial Randomized Controlled Trial

The main effect within each message factor level was examined using ANOVA and compared with the control condition.

Other message evaluation and effectiveness measures were collected and explored in a multivariable model predicting intent to talk to a physician.

Tufts University

Massachusetts General Hospital

Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

University of Oklahoma

Eligible, randomized participants will receive a text message reminding them to close their outstanding health gap. This message will contain an anecdote of a patient whose cancer was caught early through similar, recommended preventive screenings. The message prompts patients to click on a link to read the story about the patient.

Eligible, randomized participants will receive a text message reminding them to close their outstanding health gap. This message will contain an anecdote of a patient whose cancer was caught early through similar, recommended preventive screenings. The message won't contain a link to the story, but it will briefly describe the story.

Eligible, randomized participants will receive a text message reminding them to close their outstanding health gap. This message will mention that research has shown promptly closing health gaps saves lives. The message will contain a link to an official website that supports the statement.

The message will contain an anecdote of a patient whose cancer was caught early through similar, recommended preventive screenings. The message prompts patients to click on a link to read the story about the patient.

The message will contain a link to an anecdote of a patient whose cancer was caught early through similar, recommended preventive screenings. The message won't contain a link to the story, but it will briefly describe the story.

Persuasion via anecdote without link

This message will mention that research has shown promptly closing health gaps saves lives.The message will contain a link to an official website that supports the statement.

Persuasion via research

UCLA Health will launch an initiative called My Action Plan which is an outreach effort targeting the primary care patients at UCLA who have an outstanding, clinically indicated primary care preventative care gap (e.g., overdue colorectal cancer screening, outstanding diabetes tests) and aims at encouraging patients to complete their overdue health maintenance measures.

At the beginning of each month, identified UCLA Health primary care patients will be enrolled in a trial the investigators have pre-registered under the title "UCLA Health Patient Health Maintenance Outreach Text Message" and randomized to receive one of four text messages informing them that they have overdue health maintenance measures and urging them to take action to complete these measures. These text messages will contain a link to their MyChart patient portal account, specifically linking them to a My Action Plan electronic letter that will contain a personalized list of outstanding preventive care items and actionable steps to complete the items.

In July 2023, if participants do not open their My Action Plan electronic letter within 7 days after the initial outreach, they will be enrolled in the trial described in the current pre-registration. Patients will be randomly assigned in a 1:1:1:1 ratio to receive one of four text reminders 2 weeks after the initial outreach message. Additionally, within each text-reminder arm, patients will be randomized to one of three time slots for getting the reminder. The investigators will examine patients' interaction with these reminders and how that ultimately translates to them completing their indicated health maintenance measures.

The UCLA Department of Medicine (DOM) intends to roll out this QI initiative at the beginning of the 2023 calendar year and continue it for a span of at least 12 months. Each month, the initiative targets patients whose birthday falls into that month. This proposed trial will run for one month (July 2023).

Analysis Plan:

The investigators will utilize patient-level ordinary least squares (OLS) estimation, with statistical inferences based on model-robust standard errors. The primary model term will be indicator variables for arm assignment.

The analysis will adjust for sex, age, race/ethnicity, indicators for screenings/tests that patients are due for, and whether patients have upcoming primary care appointments. Missing covariate values will be handled by including 'unknown' indicators, along with mean imputation for quantitative covariates.

The investigators will first compare Arm 2 with Arm 1 to test the effect of encouraging patients to read the story about a patient whose life was saved by preventive screening.. If the difference is significant in an outcome measure, the investigators will then compare Arms 3 and 4 with Arms 1 and 2 to shed light on why Arm 2 differs from Arm 1.

Exploratory analyses will investigate heterogeneous treatment effects of Arm 2 (vs. Arm 1) by patients' gender, age, race/ethnicity, history of cancer and other pre-existing conditions, family cancer history, past adherence to screenings/tests that are included in the My Action Plan Initiative, past receipt of influenza vaccination, frequency of doctor visits.

UCLA Health Patient Health Maintenance Text Reminder July 2023

UCLA Health Department of Medicine

Eligible, randomized participant will receive a brief, specific SMS message informing patients that they should obtain screenings and tests they are due for.

Eligible, randomized participant will receive a brief, generic SMS message informing patients that they have a health gap to be closed.

Eligible, randomized participant will receive an intention-oriented, generic SMS message informing patients that they have a health gap to be closed and highlighting the importance of doing so.

Eligible, randomized participant will receive an action-oriented, generic SMS-message informing patients that they have a health gap to be closed and prompting them to act soon before they forget.

The investigators will send randomized participants an SMS message encouraging them to click provided link and close their outstanding, overdue preventive care measures.

The provided link will take them to their MyChart login page; after logging in, they would see their personalized My Action Plan Letter detailing their personalized, overdue preventive care measures. Message content will vary based on randomization arm as noted below.

Outreach Text Messages

The message will inform patients that the care team has identified tests/screenings that they are due for.

Specific

The message will inform patients that the care team has identified a care gap in their record.

General

The message will point out that even if patients feel healthy, their doctor recommends them to take care of their health gaps.

Elevating Intentions

The message will prompt patients to take care of their health gaps right away before they forget.

Prompting Action

This is a prospective randomized clinical trial evaluating how behaviorally-informed outreach text messages impact patient engagement with primary care. This prospective randomized control trial is being implemented in conjunction with UCLA Health's larger quality improvement initiative (the My Action Plan Quality Improvement Initiative) in order to improve primary care preventive measure completion rates.

Health maintenance measures have been shown to be critical in early detection, secondary prevention, and early management of numerous medical conditions--from diabetes to various cancers. The standardization of these health maintenance measures have resulted in major improvements in population health. Despite the importance of these primary care tests and screenings, many patients are overdue for these tests.

Given this healthcare gap, it is critical to investigate more effective strategies to facilitate health maintenance measure completion. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a variety of behaviorally-informed outreach text messages. The investigators intend to launch the study as a part of UCLA Health's My Action Plan initiative, a UCLA Health primary care outreach quality improvement initiative aimed at encouraging patients to complete their overdue health maintenance measures.

Specifically, the My Action Plan initiative is an outreach effort targeting primary care patients at UCLA who have an outstanding, clinically indicated primary care preventative care gap (e.g., overdue colorectal cancer screening, outstanding diabetes tests). At the beginning of each month, identified UCLA Health primary care patients will be randomized in a 1:1:1:1 ratio to receive one of four text messages informing them that they have an overdue health maintenance measures and urging them to taking action to complete these measures. These text messages will contain a link to their MyChart patient portal account, specifically linking them to a My Action Plan electronic letter that will contain a personalized list of outstanding preventive care items and actionable steps to complete the items.

Within each text-message arm, patients will also be randomized to one of three time slots for getting the message.

The My Action Plan quality improvement initiative is expected to start at the beginning of the 2023 calendar year and continue for a span of at least 12 months. Each month, the initiative targets patients whose birthday falls into that month. The investigators plan to run this randomized clinical trial during four months of the larger QI initiative.

By studying how patients interact with these outreach messages and whether it then translates to them completing their indicated health maintenance measures, the proposed study would provide insightful information on how health systems could optimize electronic patient outreach, narrow the gap in health maintenance measures in primary care, and ultimately improve health on a population level.

Analysis Plan:

* The investigators will utilize patient-level ordinary least squares (OLS) estimation, with statistical inferences based on model-robust standard errors. The primary model term will be indicator variables for arm assignment.
* The analysis will adjust for sex, age, race/ethnicity, indicators for screenings/tests that patients are due for, and whether patients have upcoming primary care appointments. Missing covariate values will be handled by including 'unknown' indicators, along with mean imputation for quantitative covariates.
* The investigators will use this dataset to address two separate research questions.
* Research question 1: The investigators will compare Arm 1 with Arm 2 to test whether more specific or general text message is more likely to improve the outcome measures
* Research question 2: The investigators will compare Arm 3, Arm 4, with Arm 2 to test whether the general intention-oriented message and general action-oriented message can outperform the general text message as well as which of these two messages is better.
* For research question 2, exploratory analyses will investigate heterogeneous treatment effects by patients' baseline motivation (i.e., the extent to which patients seem to have some intentions to get the screenings/tests) in two ways. First, the investigators will use each patient's history of screenings/tests to construct a proxy for their baseline motivation to obtain the due screenings/tests. Specifically, the investigator will calculate, among all the screenings/tests that are included in the My Action Plan Initiative and that a patient was due for in the past few years (exact time window TBD based on data availability), what percentage was completed by the patient (as far as UCLA Health could tell). A higher percentage indicates a higher baseline motivation to get the screenings/tests patients are due for during the study period. Second, the investigators will obtain demographics and medical information that UCLA Health is willing to provide (e.g., gender, age, race/ethnicity, history of cancer and other pre-existing conditions, family cancer history, past adherence to screenings/tests that are included in the My Action Plan Initiative, past receipt of influenza vaccination, frequency of doctor visits; time window of these variables is TBD depending on data availability). With such information, the investigators will train an algorithm to predict patients' baseline motivation level using patients in Arm 2 as the ground truth. Specifically, the investigators will take the aforementioned information about patients in Arm 2 as input, and use whether they complete any of the screenings/visits recommended in the My Action Plan letter within 6 months as the outcome measure. Then the investigators will apply the algorithm to all patients to predict their baseline motivation level. For both approaches, the proxy for baseline motivation (Approach 1) and the predicted baseline motivation level (Approach 2) will be used to analyze the heterogeneous treatment effects of Arms 3 and 4 (vs. Arm 2).
* Additionally the investigators will investigate proxies for whether patients face structural barriers to get screenings/tests as moderators, including socioeconomic factors at the zipcode level, insurance type, proxies for accessibility to healthcare resources such as distance from UCLA Health clinics.
* The investigators will also explore how the effect of text messages varies across the three times of the day when the reminders will be sent.

UCLA Health Patient Health Maintenance Outreach Text Message

Percentage of participants across the different arms who click on the link from the outreach message

Percentage of participants across the different arms who open their personalized My Action Plan letter

Rate of completion of at least one screening/test within the observation window

Study title	NCT ID	Conditions	Interventions	Eligibility	Organization
UCLA Health Patient Health Maintenance Text Reminder	NCT05791942	Health Maintena... Diabetes Cancer	Reminder of pre... Persuasion via ... Behavioral: Act...	18 Years -	University of California, Los Angeles
Recruitment Messages for Current Smokers Recently Diagnosed With Cancer	NCT05471284	Tobacco Smoking Health Behavior	Proximal Distal Cost Benefit Loss Gain Control	18 Years -	University of Oklahoma
UCLA Health Patient Health Maintenance Text Reminder July 2023	NCT05979987	Health Maintena... Diabetes Cancer	Reminder of pre... Persuasion via ... Persuasion via ... Persuasion via ...	18 Years -	University of California, Los Angeles
UCLA Health Patient Health Maintenance Outreach Text Message	NCT05793788	Health Maintena... Diabetes Cancer	Outreach Text M... Specific General Elevating Inten... Prompting Actio...	18 Years -	University of California, Los Angeles
UCLA Health Patient Health Maintenance Text Reminder	NCT05791942	Health Maintena... Diabetes Cancer	Reminder of pre... Persuasion via ... Behavioral: Act...	18 Years -	University of California, Los Angeles

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