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Patients undergoing radical nephrectomy and inferior vena cava thrombectomy transabdominal without thoracotomy

The abdomen was accessed through a Makuuchi incision. After mobilization of the liver and assessment of the inferior vena cava infiltration (IVC), IVC was clamped below the level of the renal veins. In order to get access to the intrapericardial IVC, an incision was made through the tendon of the diaphragm and a clamp was placed first in the hepatoduodenal ligament (Pringle maneuver) and then in the endopericardial portion of the IVC, in that order. A longitudinal 3-4 cm incision was made incorporating the junction of IVC and right renal vein. After tumor removal thrombus was removed and a fine clamp was placed at the IVC just below the hepatocaval junction and immediate release of the clamping of the hepatoduodenal ligament. Total endopericardial clamp time was 4 minutes. Patients then underwent radical nephrectomy in a standard fashion with en bloc resection of the IVC thrombus.

Radical nephrectomy with inferior vena cava thrombectomy without thoracotomy

Nikolaos Arkadopoulos, MD, PhD

Assessment of short-term outcomes of radical nephrectomy combined with IVC thrombectomy with a novel technique without thoracotomy: single center case series.

Assessment of the 30-day mortality and major complications as well as long-term oncological outcomes of three patients undergoing radical nephrectomy combined with inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombectomy with a novel technique without thoracotomy for renal cell carcinoma with IVC level IV thrombus. This is a retrospective case series carried out at Attikon University Hospital between January 2018 to March 2020.

Renal Cell Carcinoma and Stage IV Inferior Vena Cava Thrombus: Resection Without Thoracotomy

Resection of Renal Cell Carcinoma and Stage IV Inferior Vena Cava Thrombus Without Thoracotomy: A Case Series and Literature Review.

Percentage of patients' postoperative deaths

Incidence of Clavien/Dindo grade 3 or more postoperative complications

Attikon Hospital

Principal Investigator

Resection of inferior vena cava and reconstruction with primary repair, resection with autologous or prosthetic patch repair, and circumferential resection with graft replacement

Resection of inferior vena cava and reconstruction

The involvement of the inferior vena cava (IVC) in advanced abdominal tumors is a surgical challenge, given the high postoperative morbidity and poor long-term prognosis. The goal was to analyze the experience, perioperative management, and results.

Investigators have evaluated short and long-term results of surgical resections of tumors with associated inferior vena cava resection performed between 2012 and 2018.

Data Collection:

Investigators retrospectively looked at patients who, from January 2012 to December 2018, underwent surgical procedures in the unit for IVC-specific tumors or for IVC resections due to secondary infiltrative tumors. In some cases, the IVC involvement was an intraoperative finding.

Patients with primary or secondary IVC involvement who underwent surgery were included in the study. Patients with metastasis found during intraoperative exploration were excluded from the study.

Diagnostic management included establishment of a medical history, performance of clinical examination and imaging tests, including an abdominal ultrasound and computerized tomography (CT) scan, to confirm the tumor origin and growth, as well as infiltration, if any, of adjacent structures. These also allowed to rule out distant metastases, and to assess resectability and the option for vascular reconstruction. In some cases, the decision to resect the IVC was made during surgery, because IVC involvement was an intraoperative finding which remained unknown up to that point.

The variables taken into account were age, sex, BMI, the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, tumor type, preoperative chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. In addition, another variable considered was whether the finding was intraoperative or preoperative. Perioperative clinical results, surgical approach, type of IVC resection and reconstruction, and intraoperative complications were recorded. Details of the postoperative course were collected. Some of the key short-term data recorded included length of hospital stay, complications' ranking (according to the Clavien-Dindo score; 'severe complication' is defined as greater or equal to IIIa), re-operation, re-admission and operative mortality (\< 90 days after operation). Some of the key long-term data recorded were patency of IVC or prosthesis (as determined by a CT scan), neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy, specific disease-free survival and overall survival (OS).

Surgical Approach Management of IVC involvement was categorized in three groups, according to the surgical repair necessary: resection with primary repair, resection with autologous or prosthetic patch repair, and circumferential resection with graft replacement. Primary repair was defined as resection of a portion of the IVC with primary closure when \<50% narrowing of the lumen would result. Patch closure was planned when a larger defect created by the resection required patch repair to avoid narrowing of the IVC. Circumferential resection of the IVC was managed with replacement using a prosthetic graft.

For surgical planning, investigators used the classification according to Kulayat, which subdivides the IVC into three segments: upper portion (level 1)-extending from the opening of the hepatic veins up to the right atrium-, middle portion (level 2)-extending from the renal veins to the hepatic veins-, and lower portion (level 3)-extending from the junction of the iliac veins to the opening of the renal veins.

Intravenous heparin was not used during the clamping time of the IVC. Heparinized saline (2units/ml of heparin sodium) was used, however, to flush out the prosthesis if being used for reconstruction. A therapeutic heparin dose is used for 30 days after surgery, and patients with prosthesis receive oral blood thinners for at least six months.

Follow-up Patient follow-up included measuring tumor markers and performing a chest-abdominal CT scan every three months for the first two years; then, twice a year; and then, annually, after five years. Local recurrence was defined as a return of a tumor within the surgical field, whereas systemic recurrence was defined as recurrent disease outside said field.

Resection of the Inferior Vena Cava Due to Tumor Involvement

Resection of the Inferior Vena Cava Due to Tumor Involvement Allows Long-Term Survival in Different Neoplasms

Patients overall survival after resection

Hospital Universitario Infanta Cristina

Hepatobiliary Surgeon, Principal Investigator

Study title	NCT ID	Conditions	Interventions	Eligibility	Organization
Renal Cell Carcinoma and Stage IV Inferior Vena Cava Thrombus: Resection Without Thoracotomy	NCT04350047	Renal Cell Carc...	Radical nephrec...	18 Years -	Attikon Hospital
Resection of the Inferior Vena Cava Due to Tumor Involvement	NCT04154761	Neoplasms Surgery--Compli... Vascular Diseas... Vein Disease	Resection of in...	18 Years - 80 Years	Hospital Universitario Infanta Cristina
Resection of the Inferior Vena Cava Due to Tumor Involvement	NCT04154761	Neoplasms Surgery--Compli... Vascular Diseas... Vein Disease	Resection of in...	18 Years - 80 Years	Hospital Universitario Infanta Cristina

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