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Device: Radiation Low dose rate prostate brachytherapy is delivered under anaesthesia in a single 1.5-2 hour procedure as an out-patient. The men return 4 weeks later for detailed imaging to assess implant quality.

Device: Radiation High dose rate prostate brachytherapy is delivered in 2 procedures, 2 weeks apart, also under anaesthesia, but no follow-up imaging visit is required.

HDR brachytherapy is also accomplished as an out-patient.

Permanent implantation of radioactive Iodine-125 seeds under anesthesia with ultrasound guidance

Low dose rate prostate brachytherapy

Temporary implantation of radioactive material into the prostate in the form of a stepping source of Iridium 192 that travels through 16-18 needles or catheters strategically placed through the prostate

High Dose Rate prostate brachytherapy

Ross Halperin, MD

This study will offer men with intermediate risk prostate cancer who are suitable for, and interested in, prostate brachytherapy, the opportunity to be randomized between low dose rate (LDR) brachytherapy using permanent implantation of radioactive seeds (the current standard of care in BC) and high dose rate (HDR) or temporary brachytherapy which is also available as a standard of care in BC but only when used as a boost in addition with external beam radiotherapy. In addition, men will be offered the opportunity for testing the aggressiveness of their cancer using Cell Cycle Progression Gene Profile.

Purpose:

To conduct a Phase III randomized trial for favorable tier intermediate risk prostate cancer and selected favorable risk tumors to evaluate the difference in Quality of Life in the urinary domain between LDR and HDR brachytherapy.

Hypothesis:

Because of more rapid dose delivery with HDR compared to LDR brachytherapy (15 minutes vs. 6 months) and more precise control of dose to adjacent critical structures (prostatic and bulbo-membranous urethra and anterior rectal wall), HDR prostate brachytherapy has been associated with more rapid recovery from acute symptoms and a more favorable side effect protocol when used as a boost in combination with external beam radiotherapy. The hypothesis is that this advantage will be maintained when brachytherapy is used as monotherapy without the addition of external beam radiation.

Justification:

In British Columbia, LDR prostate brachytherapy is the current standard for selected men with favorable risk prostate cancer who are not suitable for, or willing to accept active surveillance, and for men with favorable intermediate risk prostate cancer. LDR brachytherapy has been available in BC for over 15 years and is highly effective with 7-year biochemical disease-free rates of \~95%. However, this type of treatment has a prolonged recovery phase with return to baseline urinary function taking 6 to 12 months. This is partly due to the fact that the radiation is delivered over a 6 month period from the implanted seeds, and partly due to uncertainty in final seed placement. HDR brachytherapy has the advantage of delivering treatment very rapidly over 15-20 minutes, and also exploits the radiobiologic nature of prostate cancer which is more responsive to large doses of radiotherapy. Experience with using HDR brachytherapy as a boost has shown a much reduced impact on quality of life.

Objectives:

Primary: To evaluate the difference in QOL in the urinary domain between LDR and HDR brachytherapy using the urinary domain of the EPIC prostate cancer specific QOL questionnaire.

Secondary:

* To assess differences in the bowel and sexual domains of the EPIC prostate cancer specific QOL questionnaire between the 2 treatments
* To asses time to recovery of the IPS Score which is widely used to assess urinary function after prostate cancer treatment. The time to return to baseline +/- 3 points will be determined.
* Acute and long-term toxicity will be graded using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE V4) at each follow up time point
* TRUS- MRI fusion will be developed within our planning software to facilitate treatment planning
* To assess treatment efficacy, PSA will be recorded every 6 months to 5 years and then annually to 10 years and prostate re-biopsy will be performed at 36 months after radiotherapy.

Optional:

For those patients consenting to targeted biopsies under anaesthesia at the start of their brachytherapy procedure (separate consent)

* Verify MRI-TRUS fusion accuracy
* Correlate Cell Cycle Progression scores with outcome.

Research Method:

Multiparametric MRI (mpMRI)will be performed on all men as a staging procedure to ensure appropriateness for brachytherapy as monotherapy (without the addition of external beam radiotherapy or hormone therapy). The value of mpMRI in staging prostate cancer is widely recognized. Previous studies have shown that over 90% of intermediate risk cancers are visible on mpMRI. The MR images will be fused with the planning trans rectal ultrasound (TRUS) for each patient, ensuring adequate dose coverage of the lesion.

For those patients consenting to optional biopsies under anesthesia, accuracy of the fusion will be verified by obtaining 2 biopsies of the visualized lesion under TRUS guidance at the start of the brachytherapy procedure.

Follow up is as per standard practice to assess urinary, bowel and sexual side effects. In addition to the standard forms, patients will also complete an EPIC questionnaire. The questionnaires are completed every 3 months for 1 year and then every 6 months to 3 years and then annually, as per the standard follow up schedule.

Once the biopsy material has been pathologically confirmed to contain the target lesion, the aggressiveness will be assessed through Cell Cycle Progression (CCP) Gene Profile testing.

Men may be randomized to the type of brachytherapy and decline the biopsies. This initial protocol is a Pilot that will test feasibility of the randomization (patient acceptance). The aim is to accrue 60 men over 18-24 months and if achieved then apply to expand to a total of 200 men.

Comparison of HDR vs. LDR Brachytherapy as Monotherapy for Intermediate Risk Prostate Cancer

A Phase III Randomized Pilot Study of Low Dose Rate Compared to High Dose Rate Prostate Brachytherapy for Favourable Risk and Low Tier Intermediate Risk Prostate Cancer

The urinary domain of the EPIC prostate cancer specific QOL questionnaire will be assessed.

The EPIC score in the bowel and sexual domains will be evaluated at baseline, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 36 months

The IPS Score will be assessed at baseline, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 36 months

Acute and long-term toxicity will be graded using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE V4) at each follow up time point

TRUS- MRI fusion will be developed within our planning software to facilitate treatment planning

PSA will be recorded every 6 months to 5 years and then annually to 10 years

Prostate re-biopsy will be performed at 36 months to assess the local efficacy of treatment

For those patients consenting to targeted biopsies under anesthesia at the start of their brachytherapy procedure (separate optional consent) MRI-TRUS fusion accuracy will be verified by targeted biopsies and Biopsy material will be sent for genetic testing to determine Cell cycle Progression scores for both arms of the trial to ultimately correlate with outcome.

British Columbia Cancer Agency

Professor of Radiation Oncology

Device: Radiation. Low dose rate prostate brachytherapy is delivered under anesthesia in a single 1.5-2 hour procedure as an out-patient. The men return 4 weeks later for detailed imaging to assess implant quality.

Device: Radiation. High dose rate prostate brachytherapy is delivered in 2 procedures, 2 weeks apart, also under anesthesia, but no follow-up imaging visit is required.

HDR brachytherapy is also accomplished as an out-patient.

High dose rate prostate brachytherapy

Juanita M Crook, MD

Juanita Crook, MD

Deidre Batchelar, PhD

Cynthia Araujo, PhD

David Kim, MD

David Petrik, MD

Michelle Hilts, PhD

Halperin Ross, MD

H17-02904 is a randomized comparison of low dose rate vs. high dose rate prostate brachytherapy for favorable and intermediate risk prostate cancer suitable for brachytherapy as monotherapy. This is a continuation with expanded accrual of the randomized Pilot study H15-02103

Men suitable for prostate brachytherapy as monotherapy will undergo multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging for staging and identification of a dominant lesion and will be randomly selected for either a single low dose rate permanent seed implant or 2 fractions of high dose rate brachytherapy. Using image registration techniques, dominant lesions will be biopsied under anesthesia at the start of the brachytherapy procedure. Biopsies will reviewed for tumor Gleason score and sent for Cell Cycle Progression testing (Prolaris). Patients receiving high dose rate brachytherapy will also have biopsies between the 2 fractions to assess tumor changes induced from the first fraction. Post implant quality assurance will determine the dose to the dominant lesions and compare these between the 2 types of brachytherapy. Post implant symptoms will be tracked for severity and time course.

LDR vs. HDR Brachytherapy for Prostate Cancer

A Phase III Randomized Study of Low Dose Rate Compared to High Dose Rate Prostate Brachytherapy for Favorable Risk and Low Tier Intermediate Risk Prostate Cancer

For patients receiving 2 fractions of high dose rate brachytherapy, biopsy between the 2 fractions will assess radiosensitivity by evaluating changes in oxygenation and cell cycle distribution between the 2 fractions, for ultimate correlation with efficacy

Study title	NCT ID	Conditions	Interventions	Eligibility	Organization
Comparison of HDR vs. LDR Brachytherapy as Monotherapy for Intermediate Risk Prostate Cancer	NCT02692105	Prostate Cancer	Low dose rate p... High Dose Rate ...	40 Years - 80 Years	British Columbia Cancer Agency
Comparison of HDR vs. LDR Brachytherapy as Monotherapy for Intermediate Risk Prostate Cancer	NCT02692105	Prostate Cancer	Low dose rate p... High Dose Rate ...	40 Years - 80 Years	British Columbia Cancer Agency
LDR vs. HDR Brachytherapy for Prostate Cancer	NCT03426748	Prostate Cancer	Low dose rate p... High dose rate ...	40 Years - 80 Years	British Columbia Cancer Agency
LDR vs. HDR Brachytherapy for Prostate Cancer	NCT03426748	Prostate Cancer	Low dose rate p... High dose rate ...	40 Years - 80 Years	British Columbia Cancer Agency

Spots Global Cancer Trial Database for intermediate risk group