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The RFA Loosely wound thermal coil electrode will be inserted directly or percutaneously into the lesion, depending on the imaging modality (US or CT guidance) and deployed with same method as previously described in the 'delayed group'. Energy will be delivered using the single timed heating cycle. Treatment will be monitored with B mode US. Once the cycle is completed, the probe will be removed and the planned surgery will continue with partial or radical nephrectomy.

Using an electrically insulated 12ga introducer with trocar is inserted percutaneously into the renal tumor. The needle tip will be placed 20mm from the center of the target. The trocar is removed and co-axially (i.e. within the introducer), a core biopsy of the lesion is performed with a 14-18 gauge needle. The radiofrequency applicator with a 14ga cannula containing the RFA Loosely wound thermal coil electrode is then optimally positioned and locked into the introducer. On approximately day 6-10, a partial or radical nephrectomy will be performed in the usual way.

This new device uses radiofrequency energy to destroy kidney or liver tumours. It is called radiofrequency ablation.

This type of energy is simply an alternating current that passes from a coil (electrode) into the tissue causing heating of the tissue in the vicinity of the electrode.

RFA Loosely wound thermal coil

Michael Jewett, M.D.

This is a clinical research study designed to determine the safety and efficacy of the application of a unique interstitial radio frequency thermal therapy for the treatment of large tumours in the kidney or liver. The novel device offers patients a more effective therapy than conventional RFA and for patients with large tumours fewer number of treatments and needle insertion sites. The clinical treatment volumes (or sites of focal tumours) will be determined by a combination of biopsy and contrast enhanced CT imaging.

The study will assess if novel device can produce lesions in the liver or kidney in a controlled and predictable manner and with sufficient size to effectively manage disease progression in the organ. The extent of lesion size at a delivered power setting and treatment time will be measured with post-treatment CT or MRI and biopsy as measures of tissue response

Our group has developed a novel, interstitial induction coil device that has been designed to coagulate large tumours (≥3cm) through a single needle insertion using heat in the range 55-90 ◦C. \[31\]Our system consists of a helical coil that is loosely wound inside the tumour tissue or phantom and excited with radiofrequency energy at 27.12 MHz. The coil is constructed from Nitinol, a shape memory alloy, to permit percutaneous deployment of the device from a cannulating delivery needle into the tumor target. This novel monopolar device has the potential to treat larger tumours with larger ablation zones (6cm x 4cm) with shorter treatment time, in both ex vivo and in vivo settings. In our previous pig studies our group has not seen a decrease in ablation volume compared to the ex vivo studies. The intent of this research proposal is to determine the safety and efficacy of the application of a unique interstitial coil electrode RF thermal therapy device for ablating large human renal and hepatic tumors under US or CT guidance.

2. Hypothesis

Interstitial thermal therapy in the form of RF energy delivered percutaneously under US or CT guidance with our newly developed novel coil electrode is a safe and effective method to ablate large renal and hepatic tumors. This is an alternative to immediate surgery or to surveillance with possible delayed treatment.

3. Objectives

3.1 To use the novel RF device and technique in liver tumor as developed in the porcine model to patients with heptacellular carcinoma by:

3.1.1 Establishing that RF electrodes can be accurately and safely placed in the desired location.

3.1.2 Establish the safety of energy application with the RF coil device including assessing effect on surrounding liver tissue.

3.1.3 Verifying that large (\>2cm) liver tumors are effectively ablated with RF energy.

3.2 To apply the novel RF device and technique in kidney tumor ablation as developed in the porcine model to patients with renal cell carcinoma by:

3.2.1 Establishing that RF electrodes can be accurately and safely placed in the desired location.

3.1.4 Establish the safety of energy application with the RF coil device including assessing effect on surrounding kidney tissue.

3.2.2 Verifying that large (RFA Loosely wound thermal coil2cm) kidney tumors are effectively ablated with RF energy.

4. Sample Size and Methods

4.1 RF ablation of renal tumor by:

4.1.1 Sample

Six patients with a large (large T1a and T1b N0 M0 RCC ,\> 2 cm in diameter), solid renal mass who are undergoing partial or radical nephrectomy deemed suitable for additional RFA will be eligible.

The patients will be evenly split between two groups, namely the 'acute' and 'delayed'. With the acute group, the study can meet its study objectives while minimizing the number of procedures and evaluate the safety of the device with the patient in an OR suite. However, it is difficult to predict tumor viability accurately based on cellular effects of the RF treatment when the lesion is excised immediately after. The purpose of a delayed group examines the full extent of histological thermal changes which do not occur until 6-7 days after the treatment. This group will also validate the feasibility of the device within the intended clinical setting of an interventional CT suite.

Patients who might be considered eligible for standard RFA or with irreversible coagulation defects, urinary tract infection and/or morbid obesity will be excluded.

Only patients eligible for surgery for tumour resection will be enrolled. Patients will not be randomised. The first 3 patients will go into the acute group (immediate arm). The reason for this is to have a controlled setting should an incidence arise. The patient will already be prepared for surgery, which will provide a more controlled environment, should there be a patient safety issue.

4.1.2 Methods (Delayed Group)

The patient is admitted in the morning to the Medical Surgical Day Unit at the Toronto General Hospital. Initial nursing assessment includes the documentation of vital signs and allergies, and obtaining intravenous access. The patient is transported to the Department of Medical Imaging, where care is provided by the Interventional Radiology team consisting of a Radiologist, Radiology Nurse, and Radiology Technologist. Informed consent and satisfactory blood work results (platelet count, INR, and PTT) are confirmed. Pre-treatment CBC and creatinine will be measured and a urinalysis will be performed. Intravenous sedation is given (midazolam, fentanyl, meperidine, and/or dimenhydrinate) during the continuous monitoring of the patient, which includes pulse oximetry and blood pressure readings.

The appropriate area is aseptically prepared and draped, and the procedure is performed under real-time US and CT guidance. Local anesthesia (e.g. 10 ml of 1% lidocaine) is administered via a 25 gauge needle.

To ensure surrounding structures are protected from thermal injury, a "hydro-dissection technique" may be applied which acts as a "thermal blanket" around the kidney proven to be safe, effective, reproducible and inexpensive.

Using an electrically insulated 12ga introducer with trocar is inserted percutaneously into the renal tumor. The needle tip will be placed 20mm from the center of the target. The trocar is removed and co-axially (i.e. within the introducer), a core biopsy of the lesion is performed with a 14-18 gauge needle. The radiofrequency applicator with a 14ga cannula containing the loosely wound coil electrode is then optimally positioned and locked into the introducer. Applicator is rotated to line up target with coil trajectory. Coil 'introducer pliers' are used to deliver the coil into the tissue. Four dispersive electrodes (grounding pads) are adhered on the thighs of the patient. The applicator is connected to the generator and grounding pads. Energy will be applied in a single heating cycle for 4-10 minutes at a power rating set between 125-200W based on manual feedback and size of target. Development of the thermal lesion will be monitored with real time B mode US. At the end of the procedure the coil electrode is retracted with aid of the 'rectractor pliers' and then applicator with introducer is removed.

US or CT imaging is used during and immediately after RF to ensure accuracy of the thermal lesion created and to exclude complications. After completion of the procedure, the patient is transported to the Medical Surgical Day Unit for observation, recovery, and further pain control as required. Immediate post-treatment CBC and serum creatinine levels will be measured. Urinalysis will be performed. The patient is discharged home accompanied by a relative or a friend approximately 4 hours after completion of the RF procedure.

A follow-up contrast-enhanced spiral CT scan will be performed on approximately post-treatment day 6-10 (prior to the surgery) to assess possible complications and to measure the size of the lesion and degree of enhancement. In addition, CBC, serum creatinine and urinalysis will be performed.

On approximately day 6-10, a partial or radical nephrectomy will be performed in the usual way. In the cases of partial nephrectomy, it is assumed that clear margins will be grossly visible around the tumors to aid in the resection through normal tissue.

The specimen will be sent to pathology where thermal lesion sizes will be measured by gross inspection. Histo-pathology using standard H\&E and NADH will establish the boundaries of the thermal lesion and detect any viable cells within this region. It will also establish the extent of coagulative necrosis in the normal surrounding kidney tissue. Further follow-up of the patient will continue as per standard protocol for RCC.

4.1.3 Methods (Acute Group)

In either the image guided therapy operating room (MPOR) or in the routine operating room at Toronto General Hospital the patient will be put under general anaesthesia.. A needle core biopsy will be taken from the lesion and sent to pathology for routine examination to ensure that an accurate diagnosis can be made if the subsequent thermal therapy alters the appearance of the tissue. A "hydro-dissection technique" is then applied to ensure surrounding structures are protected from thermal injury, which acts as a "thermal blanket" around the kidney.

The RF electrode will be inserted directly or percutaneously into the lesion, depending on the imaging modality (US or CT guidance) and deployed with same method as previously described in the 'delayed group'. Energy will be delivered using the single timed heating cycle. Treatment will be monitored with B mode US. Once the cycle is completed, the probe will be removed and the planned surgery will continue with partial or radical nephrectomy.

The specimen will be sent to pathology and processed as above.

For patients that have an ultrasound guided procedure, the RFA procedure will be done in the routine operating room in an open fashion, the kidney will be exposed surgically in the usual way in anticipation of the partial or radical nephrectomy. The kidney tumour will be located by gross inspection, palpation and with the aid of intraoperative US if required. In this case, the RFA probe will be inserted directly into the lesion. For those patients that have a CT guided procedure along with US, the procedure will be done in the MPOR and the RFA probe will be inserted percutaneously into the lesion, prior to opening and exposing the kidney. If the surgery is unable to be performed in the MPOR, the patient will transferred to a routine operating room, while under general anesthetic, to have their surgery. They will be accompanied by the anesthesiologist.

Thermal Ablation in Larger Liver and Kidney Tumours

Thermal Ablation With a Loosely Wound Helical Coil for Radiofrequency Treatment of Large Renal and Hepatic Tumors in Patients Undergoing Partial or Total Nephrectomy or Heptectomy

this will be assessed during the surgery and once the tumour is removed and examined

This will be assessed during the surgery and once the tumour is removed and examined

Once the tumour is removed, the ablation field can be fully examined.

University Health Network, Toronto

Abdominal Neoplasms

Gastrointestinal Neoplasms

Digestive System Neoplasms

Gastrointestinal Diseases

Vasoconstrictor Agents

Respiratory System Agents

Epinephrine

Racepinephrine

Epinephryl borate

EUS-guided RFA would be performed using a 19-gauge RFA electrode and a VIVA RF generator (STARmed, Korea).

All patients would undergo EUS with a linear array echoendoscope. The location and size of the lesion would be assessed for suitability of treatment. After locating the lesion, the RFA needle would be inserted to the centre of the lesion. RFA would then be initiated and hyperechoic interferences would be observed around the electrode signifying heating of the tissue. The duration of ablation would be according to the size of the lesion.

EUS-guided RFA

Anthony YB Teoh, Professor

Anthony YB Teoh, FRCSEd(Gen)

Anthony YB Teoh

Radiofrequency ablation has been used for treatment of solid neoplasms of the liver, lung, kidney and adrenal. Recently, EUS-guided RFA has become available and the device allows EUS-guided treatment of solid abdominal neoplasms. The procedure has been shown to be feasible in the porcine pancreas and was used to treat small groups of patients that are not suitable for surgery suffering from pancreatic cancers.

The aim of the current study is to perform a multi-center prospective study on EUS-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of solid abdominal neoplasms. The hypothesis is that EUS-guided RFA is safe, feasible and effective for treating solid abdominal neoplasms.

RFA causes tissue destruction through the application of a high frequency alternating current, generating local temperatures above 60°C and leading to coagulative necrosis. The technique has been widely used in many solid organ tumours and has been shown to result in 5-year survival rates comparable to surgery. The technique is currently the standard therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal pulmonary metastasis particular in patients that are not suitable for surgery.

The current study would be a multi-center prospective study involving four high volume international institutions. Consecutive patients suffering from solid neoplasms of the liver, stomach and adrenals would be recruited. EUS-guided RFA would be performed using a 19-gauge RFA electrode and a VIVA RF generator (STARmed, Korea). The primary outcome would be the overall adverse events rate. Secondary outcomes include mortality, technical success rate, completion ablation rate, 1 \& 3 year overall and disease-free survival.

EUS-guided RFA for Solid Abdominal Neoplasms

Multi-center Prospective Study on EUS-guided Radiofrequency Ablation for Solid Abdominal Neoplasms.

Adverse events specific to RFA would be graded according to the lexicon of endoscopic adverse events 24. Potential adverse events specific to RFA include: post-RFA syndrome, pancreatitis, pancreatic leak and thermal injury.

defined as successful puncture of the lesion with the RFA needle and completion of the ablation cycle.

Duration of hospital stay after the procedure

The duration of survival after the procedure

Chinese University of Hong Kong

Professor

Symptoms and General Pathology

Disease Progression

Michael AS Jewett, MD, FRCSC

There is a rising incidence of incidentally detected small renal tumours due to improved imaging techniques. Traditionally, patients diagnosed with these small renal masses undergo surgery and therefore there is limited data about the natural history of these tumours. Several small series have reported that most of these small masses grow slowly and might not require early intervention and that only some masses grow rapidly requiring immediate surgery. Presently, the investigators have not been able to identify prospectively which masses are going to grow slowly. The investigators plan to use computed tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) parameters, microsatellite analysis and tissue analysis to determine which masses will behave more aggressively. Additionally, the observations on the natural history of small renal masses need to be validated with a multicentric and systematically followed cohort.

Hypothesis

Since most renal cell carcinomas (RCC's) that are now detected by imaging as small renal masses, grow slowly and remain asymptomatic for years, we hypothesize that:

* Small RCC's that are destined to metastasize do so early or after they reach a larger size
* Delayed surgical treatment of asymptomatic, incidentally detected, small RCC's WILL NOT have a significant impact on overall survival
* The majority of small RCC's MAY NOT need to be treated.
* RCC's that are destined to progress can be identified by abnormal perfusion patterns on imaging and by their cellular and genomic characteristics on needle biopsy.

Biopsy cores, nephrectomy tissue, and blood and urine will be collected

The Natural History of Small Renal Masses

Role of Active Surveillance and Identification of Prognostic Factors for Progression in Early Stage Renal Cell Carcinoma

i) calculated tumour volume doubles (100% increase) within any one-year period, and/or ii) the maximum tumour diameter reaches 4 cm., and/or iii) patients develop symptoms considered to be possibly due to their renal tumour and/or iv) patients develop metastases

Time to tumour progression will be measured from the date of diagnosis to the date of progression or, if progression has not occurred, until the date of last follow-up.

Defined by volume (cm3 ) measured over time (years). Tumour bi-dimensional diameter will be recorded and reported to allow comparison with the literature to date. Tumour volume will be calculated from follow-up images using the formula for ellipsoid volume: 0.5326 x X x Y x Z.

Study title	NCT ID	Conditions	Interventions	Eligibility	Organization
Thermal Ablation in Larger Liver and Kidney Tumours	NCT01720706	Liver and Kidne...	RFA Loosely wou...	18 Years -	University Health Network, Toronto
Thermal Ablation in Larger Liver and Kidney Tumours	NCT01720706	Liver and Kidne...	RFA Loosely wou...	18 Years -	University Health Network, Toronto
EUS-guided RFA for Solid Abdominal Neoplasms	NCT03221335	Digestive Syste...	EUS-guided RFA	18 Years -	Chinese University of Hong Kong
EUS-guided RFA for Solid Abdominal Neoplasms	NCT03221335	Digestive Syste...	EUS-guided RFA	18 Years -	Chinese University of Hong Kong
The Natural History of Small Renal Masses	NCT01305330	Patients With N...		18 Years -	University Health Network, Toronto

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