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Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian Epithelial Cancer

TLH _adnexal preservation

Fulvio Zullo

Roberta Venturella, MD

Daniela Lico, MD

Roberta Venturella

The aim of this RCT of study is to compare the standard TLH with adnexal preservation with TLH plus prophylactic bilateral salpingectomy (PBS) in terms of ovarian reserve and surgical outcomes

Ovarian cancer accounts for 3% of all female cancers and represents the fifth leading cause of cancer death in the Western world (1). In 90% of cases, these are epithelial ovarian cancers (2).

Because of the biological aggressiveness of this tumor and nonspecific symptoms, that causes a diagnosis at an advanced stage in 75% of cases, ovarian cancer is the gynecological cancer with the highest mortality rate (3).

To date, an effective screening strategy to the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer doesn't exist, so the prophylactic adnexectomy is the only available tool to reduce the incidence and the mortality rate, even if the role of this surgical strategy is controversial, especially in premenopausal women (4). In fact, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (ACOG) guidelines recommend the ovarian preservation in premenopausal women with no family history or other risk factors for ovarian cancer (5).

Some clinical studies have shown that the prophylactic adnexectomy and the consequent surgical menopause increase significantly the long term risk of cardiovascular and psychosexual diseases. (6-8). In particular, a case-control study done in a population of 29,380 women subjected to hysterectomy with and without adnexectomy, showed an increased risk of total mortality ( HRs 1.12 95 % CI 1:03 to 1:21 ), lethal and non- lethal cardiovascular disease ( HRs 1.17 95 % CI 1:02 to 1:35 ) and stroke ( HRs 1.14 95 % CI 0.98-1.33 ) (9) . In this population of women subjected to salpingectomy, the surgery wasn't able to lead to an improvement in general survival (10).

Considering the new histopathological classification of the epithelial ovarian cancer, proposed by Kurman (11) and based on new acquisitions about the pathogenesis and the origin of these tumors, it is possible to conceive a new preventive strategy associated with a less morbidity.

In fact, the carcinogenesis model proposed by Kurman, provides for the classification of the most important histological types of epithelial tumors into two types, diversified according to clinico-pathological and genetic features.

The type I is composed of low-grade serous, low-grade endometrioid, clear cell and mucinous carcinomas, whose the ovarian borderline tumors and endometriosis represent the pre-neoplastic lesions. Conversely, the II type includes high-grade endometrioid carcinomas, carcinosarcomas and undifferentiated carcinomas and, more frequently, high-grade serous carcinomas, whose preneoplastic lesion, now, seems to be represented by the serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC).

Plenty of evidence, to support the correlation between the epithelial ovarian cancer and the STIC, has been obtained by immunohistochemical and molecular genetics investigations (11). However, from a clinical point of view, this association has been demonstrated only by a study on 55 patients affected by a high-grade serous carcinoma, whose results have shown an involvement in the endosalpinx in 70% of cases and the presence of STIC in about 50% of cases (12).

Some studies, performed on BRCA1 / 2 populations, showed the presence of strongly sites reactive to p53, defined "p53 signature", in the distal tube (13). These sites seem to be more frequent and characteristically multifocal in those tubes with concomitant STIC (14). The finding of "p53 signature" may, therefore, identify an early clonal expansion of the neoplastic proliferation.

This new theory has given the opportunity to prevent this devastating type of cancer by the addition of the prophylactic bilateral salpingectomy (PBS, with the only removal of the tube and the preservation of the ovaries) in all surgical procedures performed in those women with benign diseases once they have accomplished their reproductive desire. The PBS, in place of the current standard procedure (bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy) could reduce the risk of cancer, improving at the same time the quality of life and reducing the risk of premature death due to cardiovascular disease, seen in women subjected to salpingo-oophorectomy before the onset of natural menopause.

Our preliminary data (17) show that, if the bilateral salpingectomy is performed with great care, no patient has negative effects in terms of ovarian function. In addition, in our experience, no perioperative complication is attributable to salpingectomy alone. Despite the retrospective design of our first study, according to the post hoc analysis, these data have shown a significant statistical reliability.

However, prospective data on the effetc of PBS in patients submitted to TLH are still needed

Ovarian Reserve Modification After Lps Hysterectomy With Bilateral Salpingectomy

The Effect in Term of Ovarian Reserve Modification of Adding Prophylactic Bilateral Salpingectomy (PBS) to TLH for Preventing Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian reserve modification will be defined as the difference (expressed as Δ) between post-operative and pre-operative values of AMH, FSH, AFC, OV, VI, FI and VFI

University Magna Graecia

Full Professor Obstetric Gynecology

Carcinoma

Endocrine Gland Neoplasms

Ovarian Diseases

Adnexal Diseases

Genital Neoplasms, Female

Urogenital Neoplasms

Endocrine System Diseases

Gonadal Disorders

Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial

the tube will be removed by coagulation and section of the tissue beginning from the very distal fimbrial and proceeding toward the uterine cornu. The resection will be performed at the level of the posterior tubal margin, sparing the mesosalpinx

the tube will be removed by coagulation and section of the tissue beginning from the very distal fimbrial and proceeding toward the uterine cornu. The resection will be performed at the level of ovarian margin and the uterus-ovarian ligament, including the mesosalpinx removal

the tube will be removed by coagulation and section of the tissue beginning from the very distal fimbrial and proceeding toward the uterine cornu. The resection will be performed at the level of the posterior tubal margin, sparing the mesosalpinx.

Standard PBS

the tube will be removed by coagulation and section of the tissue beginning from the very distal fimbrial and proceeding toward the uterine cornu. The resection will be performed at the level of ovarian margin and the uterus-ovarian ligament, including the mesosalpinx removal.

Radical PBS

The aim of this RCT of study is to compare the outcomes of the standard salpingectomy (removal of the fallopian tube) with the radical removal of the tube and the mesosalpinx in terms of ovarian reserve.

Ovarian cancer accounts for 3% of all female cancers and represents the fifth leading cause of cancer death in the Western world (1). In 90% of cases, these are epithelial ovarian cancers (2).

Because of the biological aggressiveness of this tumor and nonspecific symptoms, that causes a diagnosis at an advanced stage in 75% of cases, ovarian cancer is the gynecological cancer with the highest mortality rate (3).

To date, an effective screening strategy to the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer doesn't exist, so the prophylactic adnexectomy is the only available tool to reduce the incidence and the mortality rate, even if the role of this surgical strategy is controversial, especially in premenopausal women (4). In fact, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (ACOG) guidelines recommend the ovarian preservation in premenopausal women with no family history or other risk factors for ovarian cancer (5).

Some clinical studies have shown that the prophylactic adnexectomy and the consequent surgical menopause increase significantly the long term risk of cardiovascular and psychosexual diseases. (6-8). In particular, a case-control study done in a population of 29,380 women subjected to hysterectomy with and without adnexectomy, showed an increased risk of total mortality ( HRs 1.12 95 % CI 1:03 to 1:21 ), lethal and non- lethal cardiovascular disease ( HRs 1.17 95 % CI 1:02 to 1:35 ) and stroke ( HRs 1.14 95 % CI 0.98-1.33 ) (9) . In this population of women subjected to salpingectomy, the surgery wasn't able to lead to an improvement in general survival (10).

Considering the new histopathological classification of the epithelial ovarian cancer, proposed by Kurman (11) and based on new acquisitions about the pathogenesis and the origin of these tumors, it is possible to conceive a new preventive strategy associated with a less morbidity.

In fact, the carcinogenesis model proposed by Kurman, provides for the classification of the most important histological types of epithelial tumors into two types, diversified according to clinico-pathological and genetic features.

The type I is composed of low-grade serous, low-grade endometrioid, clear cell and mucinous carcinomas, whose the ovarian borderline tumors and endometriosis represent the pre-neoplastic lesions. Conversely, the II type includes high-grade endometrioid carcinomas, carcinosarcomas and undifferentiated carcinomas and, more frequently, high-grade serous carcinomas, whose preneoplastic lesion, now, seems to be represented by the serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC).

Plenty of evidence, to support the correlation between the epithelial ovarian cancer and the STIC, has been obtained by immunohistochemical and molecular genetics investigations (11). However, from a clinical point of view, this association has been demonstrated only by a study on 55 patients affected by a high-grade serous carcinoma, whose results have shown an involvement in the endosalpinx in 70% of cases and the presence of STIC in about 50% of cases (12).

Some studies, performed on BRCA1 / 2 populations, showed the presence of strongly sites reactive to p53, defined "p53 signature", in the distal tube (13). These sites seem to be more frequent and characteristically multifocal in those tubes with concomitant STIC (14). The finding of "p53 signature" may, therefore, identify an early clonal expansion of the neoplastic proliferation.

This new theory has given the opportunity to prevent this devastating type of cancer by the addition of the prophylactic bilateral salpingectomy (PBS, with the only removal of the tube and the preservation of the ovaries) in all surgical procedures performed in those women with benign diseases once they have accomplished their reproductive desire. The PBS, in place of the current standard procedure (bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy) could reduce the risk of cancer, improving at the same time the quality of life and reducing the risk of premature death due to cardiovascular disease, seen in women subjected to salpingo-oophorectomy before the onset of natural menopause.

Our preliminary data (17) show that, if the bilateral salpingectomy is performed with great care, no patient has negative effects in terms of ovarian function. In addition, in our experience, no perioperative complication is attributable to salpingectomy alone. Despite the retrospective design of our first study, according to the post hoc analysis, these data have shown a significant statistical reliability.

However, the most recent acquisitions assume that also the tissue surrounding the tube seems to give rise to neoplastic sites, so it is conceivable that a greater oncological radicality can be obtained removing the tube and the adjacent structures (mesosalpinx). Now it remains to prove if also the radical technique of prophylactic salpingectomy causes no functional damage to the ovary.

Prophylactic Salpingectomy for the Prevention of the Ovarian Cancer: Comparison Between Surgical Techniques

Prophylactic Salpingectomy for the Prevention of the Ovarian Cancer: Comparison Between Surgical Techniques. A Randomized Controlled Trial

The basal levels of AMH, FSH and estradiol, the antral follicle count (AFC), the ovarian volume, the Vascularization Index (VI), the flow index (FI) and the 'vascular flow index (VFI) in all healthy women over a period of time between the first and fourth day of their menstrual cycle will be assessed.

Study title	NCT ID	Conditions	Interventions	Eligibility	Organization
Ovarian Reserve Modification After Lps Hysterectomy With Bilateral Salpingectomy	NCT02086344	Uterine Fibroid... Adenomyosis Pelvic Pain Pelvic Prolapse	PBS TLH _adnexal pr...	35 Years - 50 Years	University Magna Graecia
Ovarian Reserve Modification After Lps Hysterectomy With Bilateral Salpingectomy	NCT02086344	Uterine Fibroid... Adenomyosis Pelvic Pain Pelvic Prolapse	PBS TLH _adnexal pr...	35 Years - 50 Years	University Magna Graecia
Prophylactic Salpingectomy for the Prevention of the Ovarian Cancer: Comparison Between Surgical Techniques	NCT02086370	Uterine Fibroid... Contraception D...	Standard PBS Radical PBS	35 Years - 50 Years	University Magna Graecia

Spots Global Cancer Trial Database for prophylactic bilateral salpingectomy