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30 patients (18-80 years, males and females) affected by histologically-proven neuroendocrine neoplasms, locally advanced or metastatic, originating from pulmonary or gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) tract, candidate to medical therapy.

Patients affected by other non-malignant endocrine disease, e.g. benign thyroid disfunction (18-80 years, males and females)

According to current ENETS guidelines, patients will be treated by somatostatin analogs or chemotherapy, recommended respectively as first line therapy in neuroendocrine tumours or neuroendocrine neoplasms.

Somatostatin analog; chemotherapy

Andrea M Isidori, MD, PhD

Elisa M Giannetta, MD, PhD

Elisa Giannetta, MD, PhD

Antongiulio Faggiano, MD, PhD

Mary Anna Venneri, PhD

Maria Grazia Tarsitano, MD, PhD

Giulia Puliani, MD

Tiziana Feola, MD

Franz Sesti, MD

Francesca Sciarra, PhD

This is a multicentre, controlled, observational prospective study on new biomarkers, as immune profiling, angiogenetic markers and circRNA from TEPs in the diagnosis and in the evaluation of treatment response in pulmonary and gastro-entero-pancreatic NENs.

Neuroendocrine Neoplasm (NEN) are heterogeneous disease in terms of origin, localization and clinical presentation. Annual incidence of NEN is increasing in the last 30 years, even if the reasons underlying this rise have not been completely identified.

Many biomarkers have been used in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with NEN. In non-functioning NEN general tumor markers, such as chromogranin A (CgA) and neuron specific enolase (NSE), are commonly used but their sensibility and specificity are quite low.

Recently, high-throughput tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry assessments have been performed to observe the expression pattern of new potential markers for NEN. In order to overcome limitations of tissue acquisition, the use of liquid biopsies has been advocated. It has been reported that tumor-educated platelets (TEPs) may easily enable blood-based cancer diagnostics. TEPs take up tumor-derived secreted membrane vesicles containing RNAs, of which circular RNAs (circRNAs) that can serve as a potential biomarker source for cancer diagnostics. This innovative approach in cancer detection has not yet been transferred to the NEN field.

Flow cytometric analysis furnishes important insights into the immune status by providing information about the numbers and phenotypes of the immune cells, which are known to be altered in many types of neoplasms. In NEN, leukocytes subpopulations and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are not been completely investigated but immunological alterations could represent a signal of neoplastic spread.

Inflammatory and angiogenetic pathways' involvement in NEN behavior has recently received increasing attention. It is well known that NEN are known to be highly vascularized neoplasms and somatostatin analogues (SSA), used as first line drugs for most well differentiated NEN, can reduce tumour proliferation by various direct and indirect mechanism including the inhibition of angiogenesis.

Tumor angiogenesis is a complicated process consisting of several steps, the angiogenesis cascade, regulated by endogenous and exogenous factors, including the system Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) and -2 (Ang-2) / Tie2 and Prokineticins. These systems are involved in neoplastic angiogenesis and inflammation in various types of cancer. Despite these evidences, the role of inflammatory and angiogenic factors in NEN detection and follow-up has not been completely clarified.

The aim of the study is to evaluate immune profiling, angiogenetic markers and circularRNA sequencing in patients affected by locally advanced or metastatic pulmonary or GEP NENs and controls. Moreover, NENs patients will be evaluated also after 1 and 3 months of first line medical treatment.

Rediscovering Biomarkers for the Diagnosis and Early Treatment Response in NEN (REBORN)

Rediscovering Biomarkers for the Diagnosis and Early Treatment Response in NEN. REBORN Study

Modification of sTie (soluble Tie2) after treatment

Comparison of basal levels of sTie between patients and controls

Validation of the use of circular RNAs sequencing from tumor educated platelets (TEPs) in NETs diagnosis, through the comparison between patients and controls

Modification in circular RNAs sequencing from tumor educated platelets (TEPs) in patients after treatment

Comparison of basal level of other circular and cellular angiogenesis mediators between patients and controls (Angiogenic factors: ANG1, ANG2, FGF1, FGF2, NRP1, NRP2, VEGFA, VEGFB, VEGFC, HIF1A, NOS3, PROK1, PROK2; Cytokines: CCL11, CCL2, CXCL1, CXCL10, CXCL5, CXCL6, CXCL9, IL1B, IL6, TNF; Receptors and other angiogenic factors: VEGFR1, VEGFR2, TIE2, PDGFR, TGFBR, MMP14, MMP2, MMp9, TIMP1, TIMP2, TIMP3, PROKR1, PROKR2)

Modification of other circular and cellular angiogenesis mediators in patients after treatment (Angiogenic factors: ANG1, ANG2, FGF1, FGF2, NRP1, NRP2, VEGFA, VEGFB, VEGFC, HIF1A, NOS3, PROK1, PROK2; Cytokines: CCL11, CCL2, CXCL1, CXCL10, CXCL5, CXCL6, CXCL9, IL1B, IL6, TNF; Receptors and other angiogenic factors: VEGFR1, VEGFR2, TIE2, PDGFR, TGFBR, MMP14, MMP2, MMp9, TIMP1, TIMP2, TIMP3, PROKR1, PROKR2)

Quatification of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) subpopulations in patients and controls

Modification of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) subpopulations in patients after treatment

Comparison of basal serum level of classical neuroendocrine markers (chromogranin a and neuron specific enolase) between patients and controls

Modification of classical neuroendocrine markers (chromogranin a and neuron specific enolase) in patients after treatment

Frequencies and severity of infectious diseases will be evaluated by modified Infectious Diseases Questionnaire (GNC). This questionnaire includes questions on infectious diseases of upper and lower respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, skin and urogenital tract contracted during the previous 12 months. Questions investigate on the number and duration of infections, necessity of antibiotic or antifungal therapy, hospital stay and days of absence from work. Final score represents the frequency of infections. Moreover, some questions investigate possible susceptible or protective factors for infectious diseases: vaccinations, use of corticosteroids, concomitant diseases, previous appendectomy, tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy, splenectomy or thymectomy.

Quality of life will be evaluated by the Physical Component score and the Mental Component score of the self-administered questionnaire SF-36-Item Health Survey questionnaire. This questionnaire measures eight scales: physical functioning, role physical, bodily pain, general health (physical component) and vitality, social functioning, role emotional, mental health (mental component).

Interpretation of the score will be the following: at each item of the questionnaire corresponds a percentage value (from 0% to 100%). The average of the single items constitutes the scale total percentage (from 0% to 100%); missing data are not considered during calculation. High score defines a more favorable health state.

Study title	NCT ID	Conditions	Interventions	Eligibility	Organization	Link
Rediscovering Biomarkers for the Diagnosis and Early Treatment Response in NEN (REBORN)	NCT04464122	Neuroendocrine ... Neuroendocrine ... Neuroendocrine ... Neuroendocrine ... Neuroendocrine ...	Somatostatin an...	18 Years - 80 Years	University of Roma La Sapienza
Rediscovering Biomarkers for the Diagnosis and Early Treatment Response in NEN (REBORN)	NCT04464122	Neuroendocrine ... Neuroendocrine ... Neuroendocrine ... Neuroendocrine ... Neuroendocrine ...	Somatostatin an...	18 Years - 80 Years	University of Roma La Sapienza

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