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Irradiation of volume's portion Index quadrant) or whole volume of the residual breast.

Breast irradiation (RT)

Adjuvant endocrine therapy as per local policy (letrozole/anastrozole/exemestane/tamoxifene for 5-year or switch schedules aromatase inhibitors/tamoxifen for 5-year).

Endocrine Therapy (ET): letrozole, anastrozole, exemestane, tamoxifen

Icro Meattini, MD,Prof

Noela Gori, Mrs

Noela Gori

Lorenzo Livi, MD,Prof

Philip M Poortmans, MD,PhD,Prof

Rationale and relevance for patients and the scientific community. In low risk early stage patients ≥70 years, exclusive radiation therapy (RT) approach might be superior in terms of Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL), when compared to exclusive endocrine therapy (ET) following breast-conserving surgery (BCS). Assuming an equal rate of disease control, unnecessary long-term toxicity of ET may be avoided.

Study Background. BCS has been established as the preferred treatment option for early stage breast cancer (BC) or for initially inoperable tumors that respond sufficiently to preoperative therapy. BCS plus RT obtains at least the same results in terms of survival, without the huge impact on the patient's body image and HRQoL as that seen after mastectomy. For decades, standard whole breast irradiation (WBI) consisted of 45-50 Gy delivered at 1.8-2.0 Gy/fraction over 4.5-5 weeks with or without a boost dose to the surgical bed. Large phase 3 trials evaluating different hypofractionation schedules proved that overall treatment time could be reduced without compromising local control and safety profile.In April 2020, the results of the FAST-Forward phase 3 trial demonstrated the efficacy and safety of a further reduction in the number of treatment fractions to five in one week (26 Gy in 5 fractions) as WBI treatment.

Following the 2022 European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology Advisory Committee in Radiation Oncology Practice (ESTRO- ACROP) consensus recommendations on patient selection and dose and fractionation for external beam RT in early BC, (1) moderate hypofractionated WBI should be offered regardless of extent of target volumes, age at BC diagnosis, pathological tumor stage, BC biology, surgical margins status, tumor bed boost, breast size, invasive or pre-invasive ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) disease, oncoplastic BCS, and use of systemic therapy, and (2) ultra-hypofractionated (26 Gy in five fractions) WBI can be offered as standard of care or within a randomized controlled trial or prospective registration cohort for WBI and for chest wall RT.

Partial breast irradiation (PBI) has been introduced as an alternative treatment method for selected patients with early stage BC. Potential advantages of accelerated PBI include shorter treatment time, equivalent disease control, improved safety profile, and cost reduction as compared to standard WBI. The role of PBI has been investigated in large-scale prospective phase 3 clinical trials (i.e., NSABP-B29/RTOG 0413, IRMA, RAPID, IMPORT-LOW, GEC-ESTRO trials).

5-year results of the IMPORT-LOW trial showed non-inferiority of PBI when compared to WBI in women with low risk early BC, with a 5-year local recurrence (LR) rate of 0.5%. Ongoing research explores other modalities of RT that will minimize toxicities without reducing effectiveness. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) has the theoretical advantage of a further increase in dose conformity compared with three-dimensional techniques, with increased normal tissue sparing. To date, only the Florence IMRT-APBI phase 3 trial reported the outcomes of exclusive IMRT accelerated PBI compared to WBI, demonstrating no significant difference between the two groups in terms of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrences (IBTR). The PBI group presented significantly better results considering acute (p=0.0001), late (p=0.004), and cosmetic outcome (p=0.045). The subgroup analysis evaluating patients aged 70 years or older, showed a 5-year IBTR rate of 1.9% for both groups, and significantly better results in terms of acute skin toxicity, in favor of the PBI arm. Therefore, a significant impact on patients' compliance to RT could translate into a consistent improvement of overall HRQoL.

Heart exposure to ionizing radiation during RT for BC increases subsequent rates of ischemic heart disease (IHD). The increase is proportional to the mean dose to the heart. Women with pre-existing cardiac risk factors have greater absolute increases in risk from RT. An age \>70 years seems to be one of the most significant factor for IHD occurrence. PBI represents one of several effective strategies to reduce cardiac radiation dose when compared to WBI.

Postoperative RT in the elderly is a matter of constant debate. RT was shown to benefit these patients with regards to local control; however, the absolute benefit is small (for low risk subtypes). Moreover, considering the poor compliance of elderly patients to conventional RT treatment time (3-6 weeks), conventional RT is often omitted in cases of low-risk BC, at the expense of reducing the local control rate by less than 4%.

In an unplanned subgroup analysis of the PRIME-II trial by estrogen receptor (ER) score, LR at 5 years for women in the rich ER subgroup was lower than in the whole population; for patients assigned no RT, 3% had a LR compared with 1% of women allocated WBI (5-year IBTR was 3.3%, and 1.2%, respectively).

The British Association of Surgical Oncology (BASO)-II trial confirmed that patients treated with either exclusive adjuvant RT or ET with tamoxifen had an equivalent LR rate per year of 0.8%. These data suggested that RT or ET alone resulted in excellent disease control in older women with early BC, and that the combination of treatments may have less benefit than expected. A direct comparison between PBI or ET omission as adjuvant treatment is lacking in the existing literature.

Conversely, the toxicity profile of ET is well known, and could significantly impact long term HRQoL of these potentially frail patients. Elderly patients with early BC are a unique population with regards to good prognosis and potential comorbidities, thus minimizing treatment to maintain HRQoL without compromising survival is extremely important. In the decision-making process for adjuvant therapy, estimates of the patient's risk of benefit and/or harm with treatment should be performed together with an assessment of baseline comorbidities, life expectancy and care preferences. Many large phase III studies reported on the detrimental effects of postmenopausal ET on bone density and fractures incidence, thromboembolic complications, sexual, and cognitive functionality. Moreover, patient's compliance and oral treatment adherence may be a concern, and some patients would like to avoid the toxicities associated with ET.

Considering that the potential benefit of PBI alone could be better than that of the RT-only effect reported in the above WBI-using trials, it may be possible to avoid the long term toxicity of ET and favorably impact HRQoL in selected patients, such as elderly patients with a good prognosis.

Importantly, all previously published de-escalation studies were designed and performed in order to evaluate RT omission, regardless of efficacy and compliance of ET. When expecting a comparable efficacy among tested treatment modalities, HRQoL might be the factor with the most influence on the treatment decision-making process and should therefore be the primary endpoint.

ExclUsive endocRine Therapy Or Radiation theraPy for Women Aged ≥70 Years Early Stage Breast Cancer

ExclUsive endocRine Therapy Or Radiation theraPy for Women Aged ≥70 Years With Luminal A-like Early Stage Breast Cancer (EUROPA): a Randomized Phase 3 Trial

EORTC Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ) C30.The QLQ-C30 is a cancer HRQoL questionnaire using PROMs for individual patient management. It includes five function domains (physical, emotional, social, role, cognitive), eight symptoms (fatigue, pain, nausea/vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, insomnia, dyspnea, and appetite loss), as well as global health/quality-of-life and financial impact. Subjects respond on a four-point scale from "not at all" to "very much" for most items. Raw scores are linearly converted to a 0-100 scale with higher scores reflecting higher levels of function and higher levels of symptom burden.

Time to ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR)

EORTC QLQ BR23 module. The EORTC QLQ BR23 is a breast-specific module that comprises of 23 questions to assess body image, sexual functioning, sexual enjoyment, future perspective, systemic therapy side effects, breast symptoms, arm symptoms and upset by hair loss. All scores are linearly transformed to a 0 to 100 scale. A high or healthy level of functioning is represented by a high functional score. A high QoL is represented by a high score for global health status or QoL. More severe symptoms or problems are represented by high symptom scores or items.

EORTC QLQ ELD14 questionnaire. The QLQ ELD14 is a validated HRQoL questionnaire for cancer patients aged ⩾70 years. All scores are linearly transformed to a 0 to 100 scale.

Five scales: mobility, family support, worries about the future, maintaining autonomy and purpose, and burden of illness. High scores indicate poor mobility, good family support, much worry about the future, good maintenance of autonomy and purpose, and high burden of illness.

Time to contralateral breast cancer (CBC)

Number of participants with reported AE. The Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) is a descriptive terminology which can be utilized for AE reporting. A grading (severity) scale is provided for each AE term. Grade refers to the severity of the AE. The CTCAE displays Grades 1 (mild) through 5 (death related to AE) with unique clinical descriptions of severity for each AE.

Rate of cosmesis assessment grade. The Harvard Breast Cosmesis Scale is a 4-point breast cosmesis grading scale (1. Excellent - 2. Good - 3. Fair - 4. Poor).

Spots Global Cancer Trial Database for breast irradiation (rt)