Neoplasms

Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases

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Breast Neoplasms

Breast Diseases

Skin Diseases

Women in the experimental group of the research will be given training content prepared by the researcher. The training presentation content will include information about breast cancer, breast cancer screening programs and breast self-examination.

Women in the control group will not be given any training and only their current information will be determined. Additionally, their awareness on this issue will be raised as they participate in the study.

Training for the intervention group will be provided with a 40-45 minute training organized by one of the researchers.

Education based on breast cancer and breast examination

Yasemin Hamlacı Başkaya, PhD.

Muge Saglık, Msc.

Yasemin Hamlacı Başkaya, Phd.

According to a news published by the World Health Organization (WHO); More than 2.3 million cases of breast cancer occur each year, making it the most common cancer among adults. In 95% of all countries, breast cancer is the first or second cause of female cancer death. In 2020, 2.3 million women worldwide were diagnosed with breast cancer and 685,000 deaths occurred (WHO, 2023; https://www.who.int/news/item/03-02-2023-who-launches-new-roadmap- on-breast-cancer). In our country, breast cancer ranks first among the most common cancer types in women, and the number of breast cancer cases in women in 2020 was recorded as 74 638 (IARC, 2023). As a result of this situation, WHO (2023) published the Global Breast Cancer Initiative Framework to save 2.5 million lives from breast cancer by 2040. This published framework includes health promotion for early detection, timely diagnosis and comprehensive management of breast cancer.

One of the most effective ways to reduce breast cancer mortality and morbidity rate is early diagnosis. It is important to determine early diagnosis and signs and symptoms of cancer before they appear. Early diagnosis of breast cancer is possible with breast self-examination (BSE), clinical breast examination and mammography (Kayar, 2019). Breast self-examination is an important examination method in terms of detecting changes in breast tissue and preventing subsequent complications (Abo Al-Shiekh et al., 2021). It is also an easy-to-apply, cheap and non-invasive method. In our country, it is recommended that women regularly perform breast self-examination every month after the age of 20, women between the ages of 20 and 40 should have a clinical breast examination every two years, and women between the ages of 40 and 69 should have a clinical breast examination every year and have a mammogram every two years (Ministry of Health, 2019). .

There are studies showing that fear of breast cancer has a positive and negative impact on early diagnosis behaviors (Champion et al., 2004; Yavan et al., 2010). Champion et al. (2004) stated that women with moderate breast cancer fear had a high rate of early detection behavior, whereas low and high fear levels had a negative effect on behavior. In the study conducted by Yavan et al. (2010) on 188 women, 2% of the women. They found that 3 of them had regular BSE and 78.7% of them had never had a mammography. In addition, 85% of the women included in the study stated that they had a fear of breast cancer due to a family history of breast cancer, being diagnosed with breast cancer, and the presence of risk factors. Study results show that fear of breast cancer affects screening results. Therefore, our aim in the study is; To determine the effect of breast cancer and BSE training given to women on breast cancer fear and BSE skills.

Breast Cancer and Breast Self-examination Education

The Effect of Breast Cancer and Breast Self-examination Education Given to Women on Breast Cancer Fear and Breast Examination Skills

Breast Cancer Fear Scale; Champion et al. The scale developed by (2004) is an 8-item, one-dimensional, five-point Likert type measurement tool. The measurement tool was adapted to Turkish culture by Seçginli (2012). The items in the scale are scored by the participants as "strongly disagree" 1 point, "disagree" 2 points, "undecided" 3 points, "agree" 4 points, "completely agree" 5 points. The lowest score from the scale is 8 and the highest score is 40. As the scores from the scale increase, the level of breast cancer fear increases. 8-15 points from the scale indicate "low level of fear", 16-23 points indicate "medium level fear", and 24-40 points indicate "high level fear".

Breast self-examination proficiency rating instrument-BSEPRI was developed by Robin Wood in 1994. In the study, the form will be used to evaluate women's ability to perform breast self-examination according to appropriate stages and their ability to detect breast masses. There are 10 statements in the form that include the stages of performing BSE. 10 points are given for each stage of the examination that is completed correctly, and 0 points are given for any stage that is incorrectly performed or not performed. Accordingly, a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 100 points are taken from the form. A BSE score of 90 or above indicates that the BSE was performed correctly, and a score of 80 or below indicates that the BSE was not performed correctly.

Sakarya University

Assist. Prof.

For the web-based education group, a web page will be created by the researchers on Google classroom for breast self-examination skills. Prepared education materials will be uploaded to the website. Opinions of field experts will be sought for the prepared web page. The website will be rearranged in line with the suggestions of field experts. The education will last 6 hours in total.

The group receiving education using the traditional method will be given breast self-examination education by the researchers. The education will cover topics such as the importance of breast self-examination, application times, and breast self-examination methods. Then, the breast self-examination skill will be taught using the technique of demonstrating and performing breast self-examination, and each student in the group will be allowed to perform the skill on the simulator. The education will last 4 hours in total.

Students in this group will receive web-based breast self-examination education for 6 hours .

Web-based breast self examination education

Olga İncesu, PhD

Öykü Kara, Msc

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women. Reasons such as diagnosing breast cancer at an early stage increases the chances of treatment and survival, and the fact that the masses are largely noticed by the individual themselves, point to the importance of breast self-examination (BSE) . BSE skill is among the nursing skills. When the literature was examined, it was seen that the web-based education method was frequently used for cognitive skills during nursing education, but its use was limited for psychomotor skills training. It was determined that in BSE training, in addition to traditional education, methods such as concept maps and peer-supported education were used, but web-based education methods were not used. It is thought that the study will contribute to the literature in these aspects.

Due to the recent pandemic, nursing education, like other universities, was conducted web-based. Skills training in nursing, which is an applied education, has also been tried to be provided on a web-based basis. It is stated that the positive attitude towards e-learning increases the quality of education and student success. Additionally, with e-learning, the learner assumes individual learning responsibility. On the other hand, lack of motivation, attention, communication and interaction are the disadvantages of e-learning . Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women. Reasons such as diagnosing breast cancer at an early stage increases the chances of treatment and survival, and the fact that the masses are largely noticed by the individual themselves, point to the importance of breast self-examination (BSE). BSE skill is among the nursing skills. When the literature was examined, it was seen that the web-based education method was frequently used for cognitive skills during nursing education, but its use was limited for psychomotor skills training. It was determined that in BSE training, in addition to traditional education, methods such as concept maps and peer-supported education were used, but web-based education methods were not used. It is thought that the study will contribute to the literature in these aspects.

Hypotheses of the study;

H1: The BSE knowledge test score of the intervention group after the intervention is higher than the control group.

H2: BSE skill score of the intervention group is higher than the control group. H3: After the intervention, the intervention group's attitude towards web-based education is higher than the control group.

H4: After the intervention, the self-directed learning skills of the intervention group are higher than the control group.

H5: The initiative group's attitude towards web-based education increases after the initiative.

H6: Self-directed learning skills of the initiative group increase after the initiative.

The Effect of Web-Based Breast Self-Examination Education

The Effect of Web-Based Breast Self-Examination Education on Nursing Students' Breast Self-Examination Knowledge, Skills, Attitude Towards Web-Based Instruction and Self-Directed Learning Skills: A Randomized Controlled Study

Skill and Knowledge of BSE point of the intervention group change after web based education

Attitude of Web-Based Education point of the intervention group change after web based education

Self-Directed Learning Skills point of the intervention group change after web based education

Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa (IUC)

Dr, Principal Investigator

Catherine WOLLJUNG-BOUR, Nurse

Madeline KETTERLIN, Nurse

Céline BOSCO, Nurse

The hypothesis of the investigators is that women don't have all the needfull knowledge to understand the importance of a regular gynaecological aftercare.

The main objective is to assess women's knowledge's about gynaecological aftercare.

The second objective is to identify barriers that prevent women of a regular gynaecological aftercare

Women's Knowledges About Gynaecological Aftercare

Women's Knowledges About Gynaecological Aftercare, Hospitalized in Maternity Service, or Consulting in Policlinic, in University Hospitals of Strasbourg

Assessment of women's knowledge of gynecological follow-up via a questionnaire. The score is calculated from the questionnaire 24 hours before the discharge of patients from the gynecology department

University Hospital, Strasbourg, France

Women attending Preventive Oncology Clinic during the month of November- December 2010,and undertaking BSE training whose Residential address mentioned as Mumbai and whose Contact number is available.

Ketaki G Karnik, MSc

Gauravi A Mishra, MD

Ketaki G Karnik, MSc Health Sciences

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women residing in majority of the urban areas in India. The deaths due to breast cancer are mainly a result of late presentation of the symptoms due to lack of awareness of the signs and symptoms of the disease and lack of knowledge of performing BSE. The BSE technique can be a good tool for improving the awareness about the symptoms of breast cancer. Hence, we propose a pilot study of short duration (3 months follow-up), to assess the level of compliance to BSE and assess the various reasons for non-compliance. Based on the results of this study a long term cohort study will be planned with similar objectives.

This is an observational cohort study about BSE among women attending the Preventive Oncology (PO) Clinic, TMH. All women attending for screening of common cancers at the Preventive Oncology OPD at TMH are demonstrated the technique of BSE and advised on when, how and why to perform BSE.

Women attending the PO clinic and who have mentioned their residential address as Mumbai and provided contact number will be invited to participate in the study. They will be explained the study protocol and those who are interested in participating will be offered informed consent forms. The women who sign the informed consent form will be enrolled into the trial.

The data regarding the socio-demographic details and level of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) about breast cancer and BSE will be collected from the participating women. They will be asked if they have any doubts regarding the technique of BSE and their willingness to perform BSE. Thereafter, a follow-up period of 3 months, the women will be contacted telephonically to collect the data to assess the level of compliance to BSE and the reasons for non-compliance, if any. Also, the compliant women will be asked if they have observed any abnormal changes in their breasts and have they visited the clinician for the same. And subsequently, their health care seeking behaviour will be studied.

The data collected before and after the follow-up will be entered in the SPSS software and analyzed using simple statistical tests like mean, chi-square, t-test and univariate and multivariate analysis.

Cohort Study to Assess the Level of Compliance in Undertaking Breast Self Examination Among Women Attending Preventive Oncology Clinic

A Short Duration Pilot Cohort Study to Assess the Level of Compliance in Undertaking Breast Self Examination (BSE) Among Women Attending Preventive Oncology Clinic

To assess the level of compliance in undertaking Breast Self Examination among women attending Preventive Oncology Clinic.

To study the association of various socio-demographic factors and level of compliance with Breast Self Examination.

Study title	NCT ID	Conditions	Interventions	Eligibility	Organization
Breast Cancer and Breast Self-examination Education	NCT06371508	Breast Cancer Breast Self-Exa...	Education based...	18 Years - 60 Years	Sakarya University
The Effect of Web-Based Breast Self-Examination Education	NCT06346470	Education Breast Cancer	Web-based breas...	18 Years -	Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa (IUC)
The Effect of Web-Based Breast Self-Examination Education	NCT06346470	Education Breast Cancer	Web-based breas...	18 Years -	Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa (IUC)
Women's Knowledges About Gynaecological Aftercare	NCT03589352	Gynecology		18 Years -	University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
Cohort Study to Assess the Level of Compliance in Undertaking Breast Self Examination Among Women Attending Preventive Oncology Clinic	NCT01271673	Breast Self Exa...		20 Years - 80 Years	Tata Memorial Hospital

Spots Global Cancer Trial Database for breast self examination