The experimental information consists of receiving verbal and written evidence-based information about the benefits and risks of mammography screening program. The standard information consists of receiving the information that public institutions provide to the women invited to the screening program.

Information

José M Baena-Cañada, MD, PhD

Petra Rosado, MD

Inmaculada Expósito, Chemistry

María del Carmen Díaz, Chemistry

Juan Nieto, MD

Study objectives: to evaluate the effects of information about benefits and risks of mammography screening on participants in terms of knowledge, attitude, rates of uptake, fear of cancer, anxiety, and conflict decision. Study hypothesis: information about benefit and risks of mammography screening increases the women´s knowledge of it; allows women to make an informed decision on whether to stop or continue the screening program, changing the actual participation rate; anxiety and fear are not increased. Design: randomized controlled clinical trial with non-pharmacological intervention. Subjects and setting of study: women referred to mammography screening in the District Bay of Cádiz-La Janda. Interventions: random assignment of women in two arms according to the information provided. Control arm is the standard information; it consists of receiving information normally provided to women attending the screening program for breast cancer. Intervention arm is the experimental information and consists of receiving accurate verbal and written information about the benefits and real risks of mammography screening programs by a physician investigator. Determinations: knowledge, attitude, rates of uptake, fear of cancer, anxiety, and conflict decision.

Evidence-informed Choice for Women Participating in Mammography Screening

A Randomized Trial of an Evidence-informed Choice Based on Appreciation of Risks and Benefits for Women Participating in Mammography Screening

The primary outcome measure is the level of knowledge obtained in a specific questionnaire, in which there are 7 questions, of which 3 are quantitative with no assumptions and are scored with 2 points. There are also 4 qualitative questions that have 3 assumptions which are scored with 1 point. The maximum score is 10 and minimum 0. It is considered that a woman has made a choice based on adequate knowledge if she gets a score of 6 or more.

The investigators will investigate whether the attitudes of women towards mammography screening are positive or negative. They will respond to 4 questions that are scored from 0 to 6. To know their decision whether to participate in mammography screening they will answer "I am determined to participate" "I am determined not to participate" and "I am undecided". Effective participation will be investigated 2 years later. The level of anxiety and fear of cancer will be measured by "Hospital Anxiety and depression" scale.

Andaluz Health Service

MD, PhD

Behaviors and Mental Disorders

All Conditions

Symptoms and General Pathology

Anxiety Disorders

Pain

Before the mammography, a 20-minute relaxing video featuring nature and forest views will be watched with VR SHINECON 360 degree glasses. Since it is seen in the literature that watching a video for 20 minutes provides effective results, the video viewing time was determined as 20 minutes.

No additional application to routine procedures will be applied to the control group.

Virtual reality

routine maintenance

Derya ŞİMŞEKLİ, Lecturer (MSc)

Gönül GÖKÇAY, PhD

Derya ŞİMŞEKLİ, Lecturer

In this study, it is planned to determine the effect of virtual reality applied to women before mammography on pain, anxiety and satisfaction levels. For this purpose, individuals applying for breast cancer screening will first be randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Pain, anxiety and satisfaction level evaluation forms will be applied to the experimental group before the mammography procedure. A relaxing video will be watched with virtual reality glasses and the mammography will be performed. At the end of the mammography, the relevant forms will be applied to the individuals again. The control group will not be subjected to any additional application that will continue with the applied routine.

Purpose and duration of the research: This research is to determine the effect of virtual reality applied to women before mammography on the pain, anxiety and satisfaction levels.

Materials and methods of the research: This research is planned to be carried out in a pre-test post-test single-blind randomized controlled experimental design.

Research Questions/Hypotheses:

Hypotheses of the Research H0: Virtual reality applied to women before mammography has no effect on pain, anxiety and satisfaction levels.

H1a: Virtual reality applied to women before mammography has an effect on pain. H1b: Virtual reality applied to women before mammography has an effect on anxiety.

H1c: Virtual reality applied to women before mammography has an effect on the satisfaction level.

Dependent variables of the research; these are the scores to be taken from the Visual Comparison Scale, State Anxiety Inventory and Satisfaction Rating Scale. The independent variable of the research is; This is a video that will be watched with virtual reality glasses.

The research was planned to be carried out in the Cancer Early Diagnosis, Screening and Education Center (Ketem) unit. Individuals who applied to Kars Provincial Health Directorate KETEM Unit during the research process will constitute the population of the research. A power analysis was performed to determine the sample size of the study, and accordingly, with a Cohen-d effect size of 0.80 (Goulet-Pelletier \& Cousineau, 2018; Kilic, 2014), a power of 0.95, an alpha margin of error of 0.05, the minimum sample size planned to be included in the study was 35 for the experimental group, It was determined that there should be a total of 70 participants, 35 in the control group. Considering the 10% loss, it is planned to include four more patients in each group, making a total of 78 participants the sample of the study.

Randomization and blinding The block randomization method was chosen in the study to eliminate selection bias and distribute participants equally to the groups. After determining the participants who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a pre-test was applied to those who voluntarily agreed to participate, and then they will be randomized into experimental and control groups. 78 participants who met the research criteria were assigned to groups by block randomization. It will be decided which group is the experiment and which group is the control, by a lottery drawn by a nurse independent of the study before the implementation.

Descriptive Information Form, Visual Comparison Scale, State Anxiety Inventory and Satisfaction Evaluation Scale will be used as data collection tools.Visual Comparison Scale; It provides a simple assessment of pain. Pain is rated between mild pain = 0 and unbearable pain = 10. Pain intensity is categorized as 1-3 mild, 4-6 moderate, and 7-10 severe.

State Anxiety Inventory; It was developed by Spielberger et al. to evaluate the anxiety level of individuals. The scale measures trait and state anxiety. In this study, 20 items that evaluate state anxiety will be used to evaluate state anxiety. The scale is scored in a four-point Likert type, as "1 = not at all, 2 = a little, 3 = a lot and 4 = completely". The score obtained shows the state anxiety score. The lowest score that can be obtained from the scale is 20, while the highest score is 80. A high score indicates high anxiety, while a low score indicates low anxiety level.

Satisfaction Evaluation Scale; It is a scale that individuals can easily understand and is easy to apply. It is a scale indicated by a horizontal or vertical line, ranging from 0 = not at all satisfied to 10 = quite satisfied. The evaluation is made based on the average value.

Single Blind Parallel Group Randomized Controlled Trial

Since the researcher will be conducting the research, blinding will not be possible, and separate consent forms were prepared for the experimental and control groups, without specifying which group they were in, and it was planned to blind the participants in this way. In addition, in order to prevent statistical bias, it is planned to prevent bias in data analysis by coding the data as first group and second group, rather than experimental and control group, when entering the data into SPSS, and by not giving information about which group is the experiment and which is the control group.

Only female applicants will be included due to breast cancer screening.

The Effect of Virtual Reality on Pain, Anxiety and Satisfaction Level Before Mammography

The Effect of Virtual Reality Applied to Women Before Mammography on Pain, Anxiety and Satisfaction Level: Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Study

It provides a simple assessment of pain. Pain is rated between mild pain = 0 and unbearable pain = 10. Pain intensity is categorized as 1-3 mild, 4-6 moderate and 7-10 severe.

The scale measures trait and state anxiety. In this study, 20 items that evaluate state anxiety will be used to evaluate state anxiety. The scale is scored in a four-point Likert type, as "1 = not at all, 2 = a little, 3 = a lot and 4 = completely". The lowest score that can be obtained from the scale is 20, while the highest score is 80. A high score indicates high anxiety, while a low score indicates low anxiety level.

It is a scale that individuals can easily understand and is easy to apply. It is a scale indicated by a horizontal or vertical line, ranging from 0 = not at all satisfied to 10 = quite satisfied. The evaluation is made based on the average value.

Kafkas University

Ardahan University

Neoplasms

Mouth and Tooth Diseases

Ear, Nose, and Throat Diseases

Rare Diseases

Carcinoma

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial

Neoplasms by Histologic Type

Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms

Pharyngeal Neoplasms

Otorhinolaryngologic Neoplasms

Head and Neck Neoplasms

Nasopharyngeal Diseases

Pharyngeal Diseases

Stomatognathic Diseases

Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases

Sampling their nasopharyngeal swab specimens and peripheral blood specimens.

Methylation-specific PCR is the simplest and quickest method for qualitative detection of methylation status.

The unmethylated C base is converted to U by bisulfite conversion, which is subsequently amplified by PCR with primers (methylation-specific and non-methylation-specific primers) and subsequently detected by agarose gel electrophoresis or a probe. The key to MSP is to design PCR primers for specific gene regions. The research team of this project has previously found the sequence sites of methylation of H4C6, Septin9 and RASSF1A genes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues through methylation sequencing, and designed specific MSP amplification primers and probes accordingly, which can perform methylation detection easily and quickly.

Methylation-specific PCR

Yi-Jun Hua, Phd

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is one of the most common malignant tumors in China, with the progress of radiochemical comprehensive treatment, early stage The 5-year survival rate of nasopharyngeal cancer is more than 95%. However, due to the hidden site of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and the lack of obvious early clinical symptoms, more than 70% of the 87,000 newly diagnosed cases each year belong to the advanced stage of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and the 5-year survival rate of advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma is only about 70%. Therefore, early screening and diagnosis and early treatment are the key to improve the survival of patients with nasopharyngeal cancer. Selecting a sensitive and accurate biomarker for nasopharyngeal cancer and relying on a simple and feasible examination method for sampling detection will greatly improve the early diagnosis rate of nasopharyngeal cancer.

DNA methylation is a form of chemical modification of DNA that can be done without altering the DNA sequence changes in genetic expression. The main role of DNA methylation is to regulate gene expression. Tumor suppressor genes play the functions of regulating cell differentiation, maturation and programmed death. However, if methylation of promoter region occurs, the expression of tumor suppressor genes is inhibited and the function is lost, resulting in cells remaining in the stage of low differentiation and proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis, formation of blood vessels by cluster cells, loss of cell adhesion, and formation of tumors. It can be seen that DNA methylation occurs in the early stage of tumor, and this biological feature makes it a strong application prospect in early tumor screening.

There are many methods to detect DNA Methylation, among which methylation-specific PCR (MSP) can easily and quickly determine the methylation status of a specific gene, meeting the affordable, convenient, and easy to generalize characteristics required for screening tests. In combination with previous MSP experiments and previous reports, we found that the methylation levels of promoter fragments of H4C6, Septin9 and RASSF1A genes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues were significantly higher than those in healthy human nasopharyngeal tissues. This suggests that methylation of these three genes may be used as biomarkers for early screening and diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Therefore, this study intends to detect the methylation status of H4C6, Septin9 and RASSF1A genes based on MSP method with simple operation and low cost. Using clinicopathological diagnosis as the gold standard, the value of this gene methylation index in early screening and early diagnosis of nasopharyngeal cancer was verified, providing a new detection index and method for improving the early diagnosis rate of nasopharyngeal cancer.

Retained biospecimens include nasopharyngeal swab specimens and peripheral blood specimens.

Methylation-specific PCR Test for Early Screening and Early Diagnosis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

The proportion of patients with pathological diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with positive methylation index.

The proportion of non-nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients with negative methylation index.

Study title	NCT ID	Conditions	Interventions	Eligibility	Organization
Evidence-informed Choice for Women Participating in Mammography Screening	NCT01335906	Early Detection...	Information	45 Years - 69 Years	Andaluz Health Service
The Effect of Virtual Reality on Pain, Anxiety and Satisfaction Level Before Mammography	NCT06265207	Mammography Early Diagnosis...	Virtual reality routine mainten...	18 Years - 69 Years	Ardahan University
Methylation-specific PCR Test for Early Screening and Early Diagnosis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma	NCT06367049	Nasopharyngeal ... Early Diagnosis...	Methylation-spe...	18 Years - 70 Years	Sun Yat-sen University
Methylation-specific PCR Test for Early Screening and Early Diagnosis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma	NCT06367049	Nasopharyngeal ... Early Diagnosis...	Methylation-spe...	18 Years - 70 Years	Sun Yat-sen University
Evidence-informed Choice for Women Participating in Mammography Screening	NCT01335906	Early Detection...	Information	45 Years - 69 Years	Andaluz Health Service

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