Symptoms and General Pathology

All Conditions

Musculoskeletal Diseases

Wounds and Injuries

Neoplasms

Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases

Nervous System Diseases

Syndrome

Osteoarthritis

Rupture

Necrosis

Arthritis

Joint Diseases

Fractures, Bone

Shoulder Dislocation

Contracture

Wrist Fractures

Trigger Finger Disorder

Lacerations

Dupuytren Contracture

Joint Dislocations

Elbow Fractures

Rotator Cuff Injuries

Shoulder Fractures

Shoulder Injuries

Tendon Injuries

Muscular Diseases

Fibroma

Neoplasms, Fibrous Tissue

Neoplasms, Connective Tissue

Neoplasms, Connective and Soft Tissue

Neoplasms by Histologic Type

Connective Tissue Diseases

Tendon Entrapment

Tendinopathy

Any form of joint replacement of the glenohumeral joint including prosthetic and excision.

Shoulder arthroplasty

Any form of joint replacement of the elbow joint including prosthetic and excision.

Elbow arthroplasty

Any form of joint replacement of joints of the hand and wrist including prosthetic and excision.

Hand and wrist arthroplasty

Open or endoscopic release of peripheral nerve entrapment - subdivided by anatomical site of compression. Specific subgroups will include carpal tunnel and cubital tunnel release.

Nerve decompression

Open or arthroscopic repair or reconstruction of tendons of the shoulder, hand and upper limb in general.

Tendon repair

Any procedure designed to increase stability of a joint, including soft tissue and bony blocking procedures.

Joint stabilisation

Any procedure performed for treatment of Dupuytren's contracture.

Excision/division/release of palmar fascia

Any internal or external fixation of upper limb fractures - analysed by anatomical site.

Surgical fixation of fractures

Any removal or release of soft tissue for treatment of stiffness, functional impairment or pain. Specific subgroups will include trigger finger release, subacromial surgery and surgery for frozen shoulder.

Soft tissue release/debridement/excision

Intra-articular injection

Dominic Furniss, DPhil

Surgery is a common treatment type for damaged joints, tendons and nerves in the upper limb where conservative measures are inappropriate or have failed. These conditions are common and result in significant levels of pain and functional disability. The investigators are conducting a broad ranging study of variation in the provision of surgical treatment and factors affecting outcomes after surgical treatment of upper limb conditions. This will be a population-based study of all patients undergoing surgical treatment funded by the National Health Service (NHS) of England over a nineteen-year period. This study will help to understand the factors associated with a poor outcome following surgery, which can be shared with patients considering treatment options. The investigators will also document current and future health service burden associated with commonly performed surgical procedures including complications and repeat operations.

The investigators will conduct time series analyses, geospatial mapping and risk-factor association studies for both access to and outcomes of surgical treatments of the upper limbs. A large cohort of pseudonymised records will be extracted from the NHS Hospital Episode Statistics Admitted Patient Care database. Suitable patients will be identified based on a match to a specified list of International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) and Office for Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS-4) codes. Dates and cause of death will be linked from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) by NHS Digital.

Separate analyses will be conducted for different intervention types with detailed outcomes reporting for high volume procedures. Adults will be defined as those aged 18 years or older at the time of surgery. Children will be defined as those aged less than 18 years at surgery and only included in a limited number of analyses where relevant (e.g. trigger digit).

Key analyses:

1. Baseline demographics by procedure type
2. Procedure volume incidence trends

   * Time series analysis
   * Adjusted to standard population distributions
   * Geographical mapping including adjustment for sociodemographic indices including indices of deprivation
3. Revision, reoperation and mortality rates:

   * Estimation by Kaplan Meier and actuarial life table methods
   * Life time risk calculated by the cumulative probability method
   * Cox regression adjusted for comorbidities and demographic, social and geographic factors
4. Complications, length of stay, costs:

   * Logistic and linear regression models for binary and continuous outcomes respectively
   * Adjusted for comorbidities and demographic, social and geographic factors

Where appropriate, the impact of replacing missing data will be explored with use of multiple imputation. All suitable patients will be entered into analyses to maximise statistical efficiency.

Epidemiology and Outcomes of Upper Limb Surgery: Analysis of Routine Data

The Role of Patient Factors, Surgical Factors and Hospital Factors Upon Patient Outcomes and NHS Costs in the Treatment of Upper Limb Musculoskeletal Conditions: Spatial and Iongitudinal Analysis of Routine Data

Estimated at annual increments and standardised lifetime risk

Crude and adjusted for population by age/sex

Mapped according to residence and NHS organisation boundaries

Death and infection for all. Specific adverse events dependent on procedure, e.g. periprosthetic fracture after arthroplasty surgery

Number of days - defined by time elapsed between surgery and the end of NHS spell.

Number of patients readmitted to acute NHS trust

Calculated from Healthcare Resource Group codes for index episode and related episodes

Spots Global Cancer Trial Database for fracture elbow