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In phase 1, participants received oral magnesium L-threonate for 12 weeks then crossover to placebo for 12 weeks, followed by a 2-week washout period. In phase 2, all participants received 3 days of intravenous MgSO4 in 3 daily doses totaling 30 mg/kg/day followed by oral magnesium L-threonate for 24 weeks.

In phase 1, participants received oral placebo for 12 weeks then crossover to oral magnesium L-threonate for 12 weeks, followed by a 2-week washout period. In phase 2, all participants received 3 days of intravenous MgSO4 in 3 daily doses totaling 30 mg/kg/day followed by oral magnesium L-threonate for 24 weeks.

In Part I, participants will receive 12 weeks of oral magnesium L-threonate; will be dose escalated based on weight.

In Part 2, participants will receive 24 weeks of oral magnesium L-threonate; will be dose escalated based on weight.

Magnesium L-threonate

In Part I, participants will receive 12 weeks of oral placebo; will be dose escalated based on weight.

Placebo

In Part II, participants will be hospitalized to receive 3 days of IV magnesium sulfate (MgS04).

Intravenous (IV) magnesium sulfate (MgSO4)

Juan C Ravell Aumaitre, M.D.

Background:

- X-linked immunodeficiency with magnesium defect, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and neoplasia syndrome is called XMEN syndrome. In this genetic condition, the cells have less magnesium than normal. This makes it hard for the body to fight infections. Researchers want to see if magnesium supplements can make it easier for the body to fight infection.

Objective:

- To see if magnesium supplements can strengthen the immune system and reduce the amount of Epstein-Barr virus in people with XMEN syndrome.

Eligibility:

- People ages 6 and older who have XMEN syndrome

Design:

* Participants will be screened with:
* Medical history
* Physical exam
* CT scan: Participants will drink a contrast and may get dye through an IV in the arm. They will lie in a machine that takes pictures of the body.
* EKG: Small sticky patches on the body will trace heart rhythm.
* Blood tests
* The study has 2 parts.
* Participants doing both parts will participate for 1 year and visit the clinic about 15 times. These visits will include a physical exam and blood and urine tests.
* Participants doing only the first part finish in 6 months and have fewer visits.
* For study part 1, participants will take magnesium pills for 3 months and placebo pills for another 3 months.
* At 3 and 6 months, they will have physical exam, medical history, blood and urine tests, and an EKG.
* If the magnesium pills are not helpful, participants will do study part 2.
* They will be admitted to the hospital for 4 5 days to get magnesium for 3 days through an arm vein.
* They will take magnesium pills for another 6 months.

X-linked immunodeficiency magnesium defect, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and neoplasia (XMEN) syndrome is a primary immunodeficiency caused by the loss of expression of the magnesium transporter 1 (MAGT1). This syndrome is associated with cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) lymphopenia, chronic EBV infection in most patients, and EBV-related lymphoproliferative disorders. The loss of MAGT1 leads to impaired T cell activation and decreased expression of the activator receptor, NKG2D on natural killer (NK) cells and CD8 T cells, leading to decreased EBV-specific cytolytic function of these cells. Results of previous studies suggest that magnesium supplementation may be a viable therapeutic option for patients with XMEN.

The proposed study has 2 parts, and patients will be divided into 2 cohorts. Patients in cohort 1 (high EBV group) will have baseline blood EBV viral load greater than or equal to 5,000 copies/mL or EBV log greater than or equal to 3.7 IU/mL. Patients in cohort 2 (low/no EBV group) will have baseline blood EBV viral load \<5,000 copies/mL or EBV log \<3.7 IU/mL. Part I is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of oral magnesium L-threonate in patients with XMEN syndrome. Within each cohort, patients will be randomized to receive escalating doses of either placebo or oral magnesium L-threonate for 12 weeks. Patients will then receive the crossover treatment (magnesium or placebo) for an additional 12 weeks. For patients who experience a 0.5-log decrease in the number of EBV-infected B cells (cohort 1) or a greater than or equal to 2-fold increase in NKG2D receptor expression on cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8+) T cells (cohort 2) with oral magnesium as compared to placebo, the study will be complete. Patients who do not meet this efficacy outcome will undergo a 2-week washout period and proceed to Part II, an open-label, non-randomized evaluation of intravenous magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) followed by oral magnesium L-threonate. These patients will be hospitalized to receive 3 days of intravenous MgSO4 in 3 daily doses totaling 30 mg/kg/day. They will then restart escalating doses of oral magnesium L-threonate and continue for the remaining 24 weeks of Part II. If conducted, Part II will allow for secondary analyses to compare different durations of magnesium supplementation.

Magnesium Supplementation in People With XMEN Syndrome

A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Crossover Study of Magnesium Supplementation in Patients With XMEN Syndrome

Participants with a ≥ 0.5 log decrease in the absolute number of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infected B-cells by flow cytometric Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay after 12 weeks of oral magnesium supplementation compared to 12 weeks of placebo.

Participants with difference of a 2-fold or greater increase in NKG2D expression in cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8+) T cells after 12 weeks of oral magnesium supplementation versus 12 weeks of placebo.

Participants with a ≥ 0.5 log decrease in the absolute number of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infected B-cells by flow cytometric Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay before and after 24 weeks of magnesium supplementation

Participants with a 2-fold or greater increase in NKG2D expression in CD8+ T cells before and after magnesium supplementation for 24 weeks in phase 2 of study

Participants with adverse events by grade using the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE, version 4) grading criteria.

* Grade 1 Mild; asymptomatic or mild symptoms; clinical or diagnostic observations only; no intervention indicated
* Grade 2 Moderate; minimal, local or noninvasive intervention indicated; limiting age-appropriate instrumental activities of daily living (ADL)
* Grade 3 Severe or medically significant but not immediately life-threatening; hospitalization or prolongation of hospitalization indicated; disabling; limiting self care ADL
* Grade 4 Life-threatening consequences; urgent intervention indicated
* Grade 5 Death related to adverse event (AE)

Participants with severe adverse events using the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE, version 4) to evaluate severity.

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)

In phase 1, participants received oral magnesium L-threonate for 12 weeks

Phase 1 - Oral Magnesium

Participants received oral placebo for 12 weeks

Phase 1 - Placebo

In phase 2, participants received 3 days of intravenous MgSO4 in 3 daily doses totaling 30 mg/kg/day

Phase 2 - IV MgSO4

In phase 2, participants received oral magnesium L-threonate for 24 weeks

Phase 2 - Oral Magnesium

Magnesium, Then Placebo

Placebo, Then Magnesium

Total

Age, Categorical

Sex: Female, Male

Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)

Race (NIH/OMB)

Ravell Aumaitre, Juan

Participants received oral magnesium L-threonate for 12 weeks

Magnesium

The analyses included only EBV positive subject who completed Phase 1 of the study. In this phase, two participants were EBV positive, but only one participant completed Phase 1.

Participants With a ≥0.5 Log Reduction in the Number of EBV-infected B Cells After Magnesium Supplementation as Compared to Placebo - Phase 1

The analyses included only EBV negative subjects who completed phase 1 of the study, which is the crossover phase.

Participants With 2-fold or Greater Increase in NKG2D Expression in CD8 T+ Cells After Magnesium Supplementation as Compared to Placebo - Phase 1

In phase 2, participants received 3 days of intravenous MgSO4 daily at 30 mg/kg/day followed by oral magnesium L-threonate for 24 weeks.

Analysis included all EBV positive participants who completed phase 2 of study

Participants With a Decrease in the Absolute Number of EBV Infected B Cells Before and After Magnesium Supplementation - Phase 2

Analysis included all participants who completed phase 2 of study

Spots Global Cancer Trial Database for intravenous (iv) magnesium sulfate (mgso4)