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Oxaliplatin

Capecitabine

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Patients diagnosed with locally advanced very low rectal cancer were chosen to undergo a total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) regimen. This regimen consisted of preoperative fractionated radiotherapy (5×7Gy) combined with 6 cycles of CAPOX chemotherapy and enverolimab.

For patients who achieved clinical complete response (cCR) or near-clinical complete response (ncCR) after TNT, an organ-preserving strategy involving local full-thickness resection was implemented. Patients who achieve non-clinical complete response are subjected to traditional TME surgery.

After reaching a cumulative radiotherapy dose of 25Gy in the entire pelvic cavity (PTV1), the treatment field was subsequently narrowed to solely focus on the primary tumor (PTV2), with a total dose of 35Gy administered. All patients will undergo fractionated radiotherapy, following a regimen of 7Gy per fraction, delivered every 3 weeks for five cycles.

split-course hypofraction radiotherapy

Drug: Oxaliplatin,130mg/m2，ivgtt，d1,for 6 cycles. Drug: Capecitabine,1000mg/m2，po，bid，d1-14, for 6 cycles.

CAPOX

Envafolimab is administered by subcutaneous injection. The recommended dose is 300 mg per 3 weeks (Q3W) for 6 cycles.

Envafolimab

Local full-thickness resection is employed for patients with clinical complete response (cCR) or near-clinical complete response (ncCR) following TNT.

Local excision

Pan Chi, MD

Jiabin Zheng

Patients diagnosed with locally advanced very low rectal cancer were chosen to participate in a comprehensive neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) protocol. This treatment regimen consisted of preoperative fractionated radiotherapy (5×7Gy) combined with 6 cycles of CAPOX chemotherapy and enverolimab. For patients who achieved clinical complete response (cCR) or near-clinical complete response (ncCR) after undergoing TNT, an organ-preserving strategy involving local full-thickness resection was implemented.

Locally advanced very low rectal cancer poses significant challenges in rectal cancer treatment. Presently, the prevailing approach in clinical practice involves neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in conjunction with total mesorectal excision (TME). Historically, abdominoperineal resection (APR) has been the conventional surgical procedure for managing locally advanced very low rectal cancer. However, the long-term presence of a colostomy following an abdominoperineal resection (APR) significantly impacts the quality of life for patients. Additionally, studies have revealed that 11.8-22% of rectal cancer patients who underwent APR after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) achieved a pathological complete response (pCR). Conversely, 11-52% of patients with pCR after nCRT for rectal cancer ultimately underwent APR surgery. Intersphincter resection (ISR) offers a highly beneficial surgical approach that preserves the anal sphincter, particularly for individuals with locally advanced very low rectal cancer. The patient's postoperative quality of life was significantly affected by severe low anterior resection syndrome (LARS), sexual dysfunction, and voiding dysfunction.

This study represents an exploratory phase II clinical trial in which patients diagnosed with locally advanced very low rectal cancer were chosen to undergo a total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) regimen. This regimen consisted of preoperative fractionated radiotherapy (5×7Gy) combined with 6 cycles of CAPOX chemotherapy and enverolimab.

For patients who achieved clinical complete response (cCR) or near-clinical complete response (ncCR) after undergoing TNT, an organ-preserving strategy involving local full-thickness resection was implemented. Patients who achieve non-clinical complete response are subjected to traditional TME surgery.

This study aims to investigate the effectiveness and safety of organ preservation using the local resection approach in patients with locally advanced very low rectal cancer. By implementing this approach, the study aims to improve the quality of life for patients who achieve pathological complete response (pCR), thereby avoiding the need for conventional abdominoperineal resection (APR) and intersphincteric resection (ISR) procedures. Additionally, this study aims to address the issue of local regrowth associated with the "watch \& wait" strategy and propose a novel treatment strategy for rectal-sparing surgery in patients with locally advanced very low rectal cancer.

Organ Preservation Following Enverolimab-based Total Neoadjuvant Therapy for Locally Advanced Very Low Rectal Cancer

Total Neoadjuvant Therapy With Split-course Hypofraction Radiotherapy Combined With CAPOX and Envafolimab Followed by Local Excision for Locally Advanced Very Low Rectal Cancer: an Open-label, Single-arm, Multi-center, Phase II Trial

The rectum is intact, owing to no radical total mesorectal excision (TME), curative (R0) salvage surgery by local excision (LE), and no permanent stoma (including a never reversed protective stoma or a stoma owing to toxicities and/or poor functional outcomes).

The proportion of subjects with primary rectal cancer assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining including no evidence of primary tumor (T0) or carcinoma in situ: intramucosal carcinoma (invading lamina propria, not infiltrating muscularis mucosa) (Tis) or tumor invading submucosa (T1) (ypT0-1 based on the latest UICC/AJCC staging system)

Proportion of subjects with primary rectal cancer and all sampled lymph nodes who did not find any invasive carcinoma and high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia/severe dysplasia after assessment by hematoxylin and eosin staining (Judged as ypT0N0 stage according to the latest UICC/AJCC staging system)

Acute and late toxicity, Incidence of Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events assessment according to NCICTCAE V.5.0

The proportion of patients in all subjects within 3 years from the start of the surgery to detection of a tumor involving the bowel wall only that occurs after LE or TME

The proportion of patients in all subjects within 3 years from the start of the surgery to detection of a tumor involving either the bowel wall, mesorectum, and/or pelvic organs that occurs after LE or TME

The proportion of patients in all subjects within 3 years from the start of the surgery to recurrence, distant metastsis, or death from any cause (whichever occurs first)

Quality of life measured using EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-CR29

Spots Global Cancer Trial Database for locally advanced very low rectal cancer