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Immunologic Factors

Eligible participants living with HIV will be randomised 1:1:1 to receive a one or two doses of bivalent COVID-19 vaccine:

1. Moderna bivalent COVID-19 vaccine, SPIKEVAX BIVALENT ORIGINAL/OMICRON BA.4-5 (elasomeran/davesomeran); 25 micrograms of imelasomeran that targets the Omicron variant BA.4-5, and 25 micrograms of elasomeran that targets the ancestral strain of SARSCoV-2.
2. Pfizer bivalent COVID-19 vaccine, COMIRNATY ORIGINAL/OMICRON BA.4-5 (tozinameran/famtozinameran); 15 µg of tozinameran and 15 µg of famtozinameran.
3. TBC

Eligible participants who have previously received at least one solid organ transplant, including kidney, pancreas, liver, heart, lung, or any combination of these organs at least 6 weeks prior and without episodes of severe rejection requiring T- or B-cell depleting agents in the prior 3 months, will be randomised 1:1:1 to receive a one or two doses of bivalent COVID-19 vaccine:

1. Moderna bivalent COVID-19 vaccine, SPIKEVAX BIVALENT ORIGINAL/OMICRON BA.4-5 (elasomeran/davesomeran); 25 micrograms of imelasomeran that targets the Omicron variant BA.4-5, and 25 micrograms of elasomeran that targets the ancestral strain of SARSCoV-2.
2. Pfizer bivalent COVID-19 vaccine, COMIRNATY ORIGINAL/OMICRON BA.4-5 (tozinameran/famtozinameran); 15 µg of tozinameran and 15 µg of famtozinameran.
3. TBC

Undergoing chemotherapy, immunotherapy and/or targeted therapy, or completed in the last 2 years for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma or non-Hodgkin lymphoma will be randomised 1:1:1 to receive a one or two doses of bivalent COVID-19 vaccine:

1. Moderna bivalent COVID-19 vaccine, SPIKEVAX BIVALENT ORIGINAL/OMICRON BA.4-5 (elasomeran/davesomeran); 25 micrograms of imelasomeran that targets the Omicron variant BA.4-5, and 25 micrograms of elasomeran that targets the ancestral strain of SARSCoV-2.
2. Pfizer bivalent COVID-19 vaccine, COMIRNATY ORIGINAL/OMICRON BA.4-5 (tozinameran/famtozinameran); 15 µg of tozinameran and 15 µg of famtozinameran.
3. TBC

One or Two doses three months apart, per manufacturer's recommendations.

Pfizer Bivalent COVID-19 Vaccine

Moderna Bivalent mRNA vaccine

Michelle Hagenauer

Janine Roney, MPH RN BHSc

James H McMahon, MBBS PhD

Despite the greater risk of adverse COVID-19 outcomes, antibody and cell-mediated immune responses to COVID-19 vaccines vary amongst immunocompromised (IC) people and are poorly defined. IC hosts were largely excluded from the COVID-19 vaccine registration trials, though many countries recommend additional and booster doses of vaccination in this group.

BOOST-IC is an adaptive randomised clinical trial (RCT) to assess the immunogenicity and safety of additional COVID-19 vaccine doses in immunocompromised (IC) people, including people with HIV, solid organ transplants (SOT) recipients or those with haematological malignancies. Briefly, the study aims to generate high-quality evidence on the immunogenicity and safety of alternative COVID-19 booster strategies against SARS-CoV-2 for IC people in Australia.

Despite the greater risk of adverse COVID-19 outcomes, antibody and cell-mediated immune responses to COVID-19 vaccines vary amongst immunocompromised (IC) people and are poorly defined. IC hosts were largely excluded from the COVID-19 vaccine registration trials, though many countries recommend additional and booster doses of vaccination in this group. However, data are heterogeneous, in part due the variable nature of immunodeficiencies in IC groups and non-standardised outcome measures used in studies.

BOOST-IC is an adaptive randomised clinical trial (RCT) to assess the immunogenicity and safety of additional bivalent COVID-19 vaccine doses in immunocompromised (IC) people, including people with HIV, solid organ transplants (SOT) recipients or those with haematological malignancies. Briefly, the study aims to generate high-quality evidence on the immunogenicity and safety of alternative COVID-19 booster strategies against SARS-CoV-2 for IC people in Australia.

To do this, participants who have previously completed 3- to 6-doses of Australian TGA approved COVID-19 vaccines (BA.4/5 Moderna and Pfizer vaccines) will be randomised 1:1 to receive either one or two doses of a bivalent COVID-19 vaccine, as these become available in Australia. And additional arm can be added if an additional suitable vaccine becomes available. Namely, patients will be randomised to receive either one or two doses of bivalent Moderna or Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine. As additional bivalent vaccines become available in Australia, these will be included in the trial, as additional arms. The trial can incorporate up to three arms at one time.

Patients will be followed up for 455 days post randomisation. Specific study questions pertain to:

* examining how additional doses of COVID-19 vaccine/s affect correlates of protective immunity
* examining the safety of additional doses of COVID-19 vaccine/s
* characterising the humoral and cellular immune responses to COVID-19 vaccination receiving 1 or 2 booster doses of COVID-19 vaccine/s

Study participants who have received three to six doses of Australian TGA approved COVID-19 vaccine will be randomised into one of up to three groups, who will be administered either one or two homologous doses of bivalent COVID-19 vaccines, e.g. bivalent Moderna mRNA vaccine OR bivalent Pfizer mRNA vaccine, using a central computer-generated random allocation algorithm, with random block sizes of 3 or 6.

Randomisation will be stratified by:

- Study subgroup (HIV, solid organ transplant, haematological malignancy)

Both study participants and investigators will be blinded to treatment allocation. Individual assignments will be delivered securely and confidentially to the identified site personnel administering the vaccines via a web-based portal.

Bringing Optimised COVID-19 Vaccine Schedules To ImmunoCompromised Populations (BOOST-IC): an Adaptive Randomised Controlled Clinical Trial

geometric mean concentration (GMC) of anti-spike SARS-CoV-2 IgG (AU/ml)

The geometric mean concentration (GMC) (AU/ml) of anti-spike SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody against SARS-CoV-2 6- and 12-months after completion of trial vaccine/s

The proportion of participants seronegative to SARS-CoV-2 IgG becoming seropositive 1-, 6- and 12-months after completion of trial vaccine/s

Proportion of participants with SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibody response in each group after 1-, 6- and 12-months post completion of trial vaccine/s, with response defined as either 4-fold rise in the neutralising antibody titre for those with detectable neutralising antibodies at baseline, OR Detectable neutralisation in those with no detectable neutralising antibodies at baseline

Subset analysis and polyfunctionality (number, and concentration of effector cytokines) of SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell responses at 1-, 6- and 12-months post completion of trial vaccine/s in a subset of participants.

Magnitude of SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell responses at 1-, 6- and 12-months post completion of trial vaccine/s in a subset of participants

Local and systemic reactions assessed by questionnaire on Day 1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7 after randomisation.

Solicited and unsolicited adverse events following immunisation (AEFI) up to Day 28.

Hospitalisation resulting from adverse events following immunisation (AEFI) up to Day 28.

Proportion with solicited and unsolicited adverse events following immunisation (AEFI) up to Day 28.

Proportion of participants with hospitalisation resulting from adverse events following immunisation (AEFI) up to Day 28.

Proportion of patients with PCR-confirmed OR rapid antigen test (RAT) positive SARS-CoV-2 infection in participants up to 12-months post completion of trial vaccine/s

Proportion of participants with PCR-confirmed OR rapid antigen test (RAT) positive SARS-CoV-2 infection requiring attendance at a medical facility for assessment and/or hospital admission up to 12-months post completion of trial vaccine/s

Proportion of participants experiencing mortality due to i) any cause and ii) SARS-CoV-2 infection up to 12-months post completion of trial vaccine/s

Proportion of participants needing oxygen therapy and/or ventilatory support due to SARS-CoV-2 infection up to 12-months post completion of trial vaccine/s Need for ICU care due to SARS-CoV-2 infection up to 12-months post completion of trial vaccine/s

Proportion of Participants with need for ICU care due to SARS-CoV-2 infection up to 12-months post completion of trial vaccine/s

Quality of life estimates (using EQ-5D-5L survey) at 1-, 6- and 12-months post completion of trial vaccine/s

Proportion of participants with healthcare utilisation including outpatient pharmaceutical and medical service use and inpatient hospital admissions related to COVID-19 or study vaccines up to 12-months post completion of trial vaccine/s

Proportion of participants with healthcare utilisation including outpatient pharmaceutical and medical service use and inpatient hospital admissions

Spots Global Cancer Trial Database for moderna bivalent mrna vaccine