Respiratory Tract (Lung and Bronchial) Diseases

All Conditions

Respiratory Insufficiency

Respiration Disorders

Respiratory Tract Diseases

Procedure: open lung approach ventilation strategy (OLV). Patients receive volume-controlled mechanical ventilation with a tidal volume of 6 to 8 ml per kilogram of predicted body weight, a PEEP of 6 to 8 cm of water, and recruitment maneuvers repeated every 30 minutes after tracheal intubation.

Procedure: conventional ventilation strategy (NOLV). Patients receive volume-controlled mechanical ventilation with a tidal volume of 6 to 8 ml per kilogram of predicted body weight, no PEEP and no recruitment maneuver.

open lung approach

Sanqing Jin, MD

Hong Li, MD

Postoperative Pulmonary Complications (PPC) are very common. It severely affects postoperative recovery, particularly in the abdominal surgery. Patients with laparoscopic resection of colorectal cancer generally have a higher age and decreased lung function reserve. At the same time, they prone to developing atelectasis due to the effects of pneumoperitoneum pressure. Therefore, they are a high-risk group of respiratory insufficiency and PPC.

Mechanical ventilation with a low tidal volume is a routine in clinic nowadays. However, this conventional strategy will also result in atelectasis formation. Therefore, it may deteriorate the vulnerable lung function of patients undergoing laparoscopic resection of colorectal cancer. Patients with Acute Lung Injury or Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ALI/ARDS) could benefit from the "open lung approach", including the use of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and recruitment maneuvers (RMs). Whether a lung protective mechanical ventilation strategy with medium levels of PEEP and repeated RMs, the "open lung approach", protects against respiratory insufficiency and PPC during laparoscopic resection of colorectal cancer is uncertain. The present study aims at comparing the effects of "open lung approach" mechanical ventilation strategy and conventional mechanical ventilation strategy in PPC, extra-pulmonary complications, length of hospital stay, biomarkers of lung injury and changes of respiratory function in patients undergoing general anesthesia for laparoscopic resection of colorectal cancer.

1. Sample size calculation, randomization and patients safety. The required sample size is calculated from previous studies on the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications. A two group chi-square test with a 0.05 two-sided significance level will have 80% power to detect the difference (in primary outcome) between conventional mechanical ventilation strategy (25%) and open lung approach mechanical ventilation strategy (12.5%) when the sample size in each group is 126. In consideration of a 10% loss rate, 280 cases to be included in this trial.

   Research will be carried out in two stages. Completely-randomized design was used in the first stage, and randomized block design in the second stage. The interim analysis will be performed when 100 patients (first stage) have successfully been included and followed-up. The Data Monitoring and Safety Group (DMSG) will provide recommendations about stopping or continuing the trial to the principal investigator. The DMSG will recommend stopping the trial, if significant group-difference in adverse events is found at the interim analysis (p\<0.025), or if postoperative pulmonary complications occur more frequently in the intervention group (p\<0.025). If the intervention has a strong trend for improving postoperative pulmonary complications (p\<0.018) at the first stage, termination of the study is considered.
2. Protocol drop-out. Anesthesiologists are allowed to change the ventilation protocol if there is any concern about patient's safety. The level of PEEP can be modified according to the anesthesiologist in charge if the systolic arterial pressure (SBP)\< 80 mmHg and SBP drop ≥30% baseline values for more than 3 minutes despite intravenous fluid infusion and/or start of vasopressors, if dosages of vasopressors are at the highest level tolerated, if new arrhythmias develop which are unresponsive to treatment suggested by the Advanced Cardiac Life Support Guidelines. If there is pneumothorax or hypoxemia (SpO2 \< 90% for more than 3 minutes）, if there is need of massive transfusion (\>8 units packed red blood cell) to maintain hemoglobin \>7 mg/dl, if the duration of pneumoperitoneum is less then 1h or mechanical ventilation time is less then 2h, if there is a surgical complication (such as severe hypercapnia, unexpected conversion to open surgery, unplanned reoperation in 24h after surgery, unplanned ICU admission for surgical reasons) or if patient die during operation, then the patient will be dropped out of the study. All drop-out cases will be included in the safety analysis.
3. Trial settings for intraoperative ventilation. Patients in the conventional mechanical ventilation strategy group will have a tidal volume of 6 to 8 ml per kilogram Predicted Body Weight (PBW), zero PEEP and no recruitment maneuver. Patients in the open lung approach mechanical ventilation strategy group will have a tidal volume of 6 to 8 ml per kilogram PBW, a PEEP level of 6 to 8 cm of water and recruitment maneuvers. Recruitment maneuvers consist of a stepwise increase of tidal volume （as detailed below） and will be applied immediately after tracheal intubation and every 30 min thereafter until the end of surgery.

   In each group, anesthesiologists will be advised to use an inspired oxygen fraction (FIO2) between 0.4 to 0.5 and to maintain oxygen saturation ≥ 92%. The inspiratory to expiratory time ratio will be set at 1:2, with a respiratory rate adjusted to maintain normocapnia (end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration of 30-50 mmHg).

   PBW is calculated according to a predefined formula with: 50 + 0.91 x (centimeters of height - 152.4) for males and 45.5 + 0.91 x (centimeters of height - 152.4) for females. In each group, patients will be ventilated using the volume-controlled ventilation strategy using an anesthesia ventilator: 1. Avance® (Datex-Ohmeda, General Electric, Helsinki, Finland) 2. Tiro® (Dräger, Lübeck, Germany)
4. Recruitment maneuvers.

   Stepwise increase of tidal volume will be used as a method of recruitment maneuvers in this trial. Recruitment maneuvers should not be performed when patients are hemodynamic unstable, as judged by the attending anesthesiologist. Recruitment maneuvers will be performed as follows:

   4-1. Peak inspiratory pressure limit is set at 45 cmH2O. 4-2. Tidal volume is set at 8 ml/kg PBW and respiratory rate at 6 breaths/min, while PEEP is set at 12 cmH2O.

   4-3. Inspiratory to expiratory ratio (I:E) is set at 1:2. 4-4. Tidal volumes are increased in steps of 4 ml/kg PBW until a plateau pressure of 30-35 cmH2O (if tidal volume reach the biggest volume of the ventilator and plateau pressure cannot reach 30-35 cmH2O, then PEEP is set at 16 cmH2O for a plateau pressure of 30-35 cmH2O).

   4-5. Three breaths are administered with a plateau pressure of 30-35 cmH2O. 4-6. Peak inspiratory pressure limit, respiratory rate, I: E, and tidal volume are set back to settings preceding each recruitment maneuver, while maintaining PEEP at 8 cmH2O.
5. Definitions for postoperative complications. All definitions for postoperative complications refer to the IMPROVE trial and the PROVHILO trial.
6. Composition and responsibilities of the DMSG. Members of the DMSG are the management team of anesthesia department in the research hospital. The DMSG will be responsible for safeguarding the interests of trial participants, assessing the safety and efficacy of the intervention during the trial, and for monitoring the overall conduct of the trial. To enhance the integrity of the trial, the DMSG may also formulate recommendations relating to the selection or recruitment of participants, and the procedures of data management and quality control. The DMSG will be advisory to the principal investigator. The principal investigator will be responsible for reviewing the DMSG recommendations, decide whether to continue or terminate the trial, and determine whether changes in trial conduct are required. Any DMSG members who develop significant conflicts of interest during the course of the trial should resign from the DMSG.
7. Data management. Data will be collected and recorded into case report forms (CRFs) by researchers under the supervision of DMSG members. Data manager will scan handwritten data first and then enter data into electronic database. Source data verification will be performed using a cross-check method by researchers when 7-days follow-up have successfully been completed.

   All adverse events, serious adverse events, unexpected or possibly related events will be recorded in the CRF and reported to the DMSG.
8. Statistics. Statisticians will be in blind state for data analysis. Analysis will be by intention-to-treat comparing the primary outcome measure at 7 days in the two groups by chi-squared test (or Fisher's exact test as appropriate). Continuous variables will be compared using the One-way analysis of variance or the Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical variables will be compared using the chi-square test or the Fisher's exact test. The time-to-event curves will be calculated with the use of the Kaplan-Meier method. All analyses will be conducted using the SPSS 16.0 statistical software.

The PROtective Ventilation Using Open Lung Approach Or Not Trial

Effects of Open Lung Approach on Intraoperative Respiratory Function and Postoperative Recovery of Patients With Laparoscopic Colorectal Resection

Major pulmonary complications were defined as suspected pneumonia，acute respiratory failure and sustained hypoxia; Major extrapulmonary complications were defined as sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock or death.

Plateau airway pressure（Pplat, cm H2O）;

Static lung compliance (Csta, ml/cm H2O) = Vt/ (Pplat-PEEP);

Dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn , ml/cm H2O)= Vt/ (Ppeak-PEEP);

Arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2, mmHg）; post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU);

Alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference (A-aDO2, mmHg）;

Alveolar oxygen pressure (PAO2); Arterial- alveolar oxygen tension ratio ( a / A ratio) =PaO2 / PAO2;

Fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2); Respiratory index (RI) = P(A-a)DO2/ FiO2;

Arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2); partial pressure of carbon dioxide in endexpiratory gas (PetCO2); Alveolar dead space fraction (Vd/Vt）=(PaCO2-PetCO2)/ PaCO2;

Oxygen content of central venous blood (CvO2); Oxygen content of arterial blood (CaO2); oxygen extraction ratio (O2ER)＝(CaO2-CvO2) /CaO2;

Central venous blood oxygen saturation (ScvO2).

Advanced glycation end products receptor (RAGE, pg/ml).

Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α, pg/ml);

The occurrence rate of hypoxemia (PaO2\<60 mmhg) in PACU

The incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications based on a PPC scale.

Occurrence rate of acute respiratory failure (SpO2\< 90% or PaO2\<60mmhg);

Occurrence rate of postoperative pneumonia;

Occurrence rate of saturation of pulse oximetry less than 92%;

Intervention-related adverse events including: rescue therapy for desaturation, potentially harmful hypotension, pneumothorax, vasoactive drugs needed.

Postoperative delirium will be estimated by a scale called Confusion Assessment Method-ICU.

Related complications including: the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), acute myocardial infarction (AMI), Acute hepatic and renal insufficiency; surgical complications including intraabdominal abscess, anastomotic leakage.

Unplanned reoperation after 24h (operation not caused by bleeding in 24h).

Mean arterial pressure (MBP, mmHg); heart rate (HR, bpm).

Death from any cause 30 days after surgery.

Unplanned admission to ICU (not caused by bleeding in 24h).

Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University

Principal Investigator, The department of anesthesiology, Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University

Neoplasms

Digestive System Diseases

Rare Diseases

Esophageal Neoplasms

Gastrointestinal Neoplasms

Digestive System Neoplasms

Head and Neck Neoplasms

Gastrointestinal Diseases

Esophageal Diseases

Esophageal Cancer

Cédric CIRENEI, MD,PhD

The perioperative management of esophageal cancer has evolved considerably in recent years.

Over the last 30 years, postoperative mortality has been steadily decreasing. However, respiratory morbidity remains high (30-40%). This is due to the procedure itself requiring a thoracic approach and intraoperative unipulmonary ventilation. The postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) are multiple: bronchial congestion, atelectasis, pneumopathy, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), liquid pleural effusion, pneumothorax.

In general, prevention and early treatment are aimed at limiting the evolution towards acute respiratory failure requiring ventilatory assistance.

Chest radiography is essential for the presumptive diagnosis of pneumopathy in particular, but the interpretation of the images may be difficult.

Thoracic computed tomography (CT) is the gold standard because it is sensitive and can discriminate among differential diagnoses. This is difficult to perform: it requires intra-hospital transport of patient, who is often in acute respiratory failure, and the availability of an examination area.

Lung ultrasound is used at the bedside for diagnosis of lung infection in intensive care unit. This has a sensitivity close to thoracic CT and has the advantage of being feasible at any time, does not require transport of the patient and is not irradiating.

Lung ultrasound allows early detection of the need for ventilatory support in postoperative major abdominal surgery . In addition, the sensitivity of lung ultrasound is close to that of CT, allowing this examination to be relied upon.

The main objective of the study is to determine the role of lung ultrasound in the prediction of postoperative pulmonary complications within one hour after extubation.

Study title	NCT ID	Conditions	Interventions	Eligibility	Organization
The PROtective Ventilation Using Open Lung Approach Or Not Trial	NCT03160144	Postoperative P... Respiratory Ins...	open lung appro...	40 Years -	Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University
Lung Ultrasound in the Early Detection of Postoperative Pulmonary Complications After Esophagectomy	NCT05453760	Esophageal Neop...		18 Years -	University Hospital, Lille
The PROtective Ventilation Using Open Lung Approach Or Not Trial	NCT03160144	Postoperative P... Respiratory Ins...	open lung appro...	40 Years -	Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University

Spots Global Cancer Trial Database for postoperative pulmonary complications