Behaviors and Mental Disorders

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Symptoms and General Pathology

Anxiety Disorders

Pain

Anti-Inflammatory Agents

All Drugs and Chemicals

Hydrocortisone

Hydrocortisone 17-butyrate 21-propionate

Hydrocortisone acetate

Hydrocortisone hemisuccinate

In the intervention group, patients received an energy therapy called Reiki. Reiki was administered to cancer patients for four consecutive days at specified times. During this procedure, while the patient was in the supine position, the researcher's hands were placed approximately two to three centimeters above the chakra regions of the patient, covering the seven chakra areas as well as the areas experiencing pain. The application lasted a total of 25-30 minutes. Silence was maintained in the patient's room during the intervention.

In the placebo group, patients received Sham Reiki. Sham Reiki was administered to cancer patients for four consecutive days at specified times. During this procedure, while the patient was in the supine position, Sham Reiki practitioner's hands were placed approximately two to three centimeters above the chakra regions of the patient, covering the seven chakra areas as well as the areas experiencing pain. The application lasted a total of 25-30 minutes. Silence was maintained in the patient's room during the intervention.

Silence was maintained in the patient's room during the intervention. At the beginning of the session, the patient is asked to assume the most comfortable seated or supine position. Then, they are instructed to close their eyes, take deep breaths, direct their thoughts to their own body and the muscle groups being treated, notice the tension and relaxation in the muscle groups during the exercise, and continue to breathe regularly. This practice was conducted in four parts of the body: hands and arms; face and shoulders; chest, abdomen, hips; legs and feet.

The patients in the intervention group received Reiki to the seven chakra regions and additional areas with pain for a total duration of 25-30 minutes for four consecutive days. On the 4th day, pain and anxiety levels of the patients were evaluated after the last applications. On the 21st day, pain and anxiety levels were evaluated, State Anxiety Scale and Perceived Stress Scale were administered, and serum cortisol level was evaluated in the morning before the start of chemotherapy. At the 3rd month follow-up, pain and anxiety levels, state anxiety scale and perceived stress scale were evaluated.

Reiki

The patients in the placebo group received Sham Reiki to the seven chakra regions for a total duration of 25-30 minutes for four consecutive days. On the 4th day, pain and anxiety levels of the patients were evaluated after the last applications. On the 21st day, pain and anxiety levels were evaluated, State Anxiety Scale and Perceived Stress Scale were administered, and serum cortisol level was evaluated in the morning before the start of chemotherapy. At the 3rd month follow-up, pain and anxiety levels, state anxiety scale and perceived stress scale were evaluated.

Sham Reiki

PRE group patients received PRE for four consecutive days. On the 4th day, pain and anxiety levels of the patients were evaluated after the last applications. On the 21st day, pain and anxiety levels were evaluated, State Anxiety Scale and Perceived Stress Scale were administered, and serum cortisol level was evaluated in the morning before the start of chemotherapy. At the 3rd month follow-up, pain and anxiety levels, state anxiety scale and perceived stress scale were evaluated.

Progressive Relaxation Exercise

The goal of this clinical trial is to investigate the effects of Reiki, Sham Reiki, and Progressive Relaxation Exercise on the levels of pain, anxiety, and stress in cancer patients.

The main questions it aims to answer are:

* Question 1: The effect of Reiki applied to cancer patients on the level of pain within the time series is higher in favor of the intervention group.
* Question 2: The effect of Reiki applied to cancer patients on the level of anxiety within the time series is higher in favor of the intervention group.
* Question 3: The effect of Reiki applied to cancer patients on cortisol levels within the time series is higher in favor of the intervention group.
* Question 4: The effect of Reiki applied to cancer patients on the level of stress within the time series is higher in favor of the intervention group.
* Participants have answered the questions in the Individual Identification Form, Visual Comparison Scale, State Anxiety Scale and Perceived Stress Scale and serum cortisol levels were evaluated in the pretest.
* Afterwards, the patients in the intervention group received Reiki for four consecutive days, the patients in the placebo group received Sham Reiki, and the patients in the control group received Progressive Relaxation Exercise.
* The patients in the experimental group received Reiki to the seven chakra regions and additional areas with pain for a total duration of 25-30 minutes for four days, with an average of three minutes.
* The patients in the placebo group received Sham Reiki to the seven chakra regions for a total duration of 25-30 minutes for four days, with an average of three minutes.
* Progressive Relaxation Exercise (PRE) group patients received PRE for four days.
* On the 4th day, pain and anxiety levels (0-10 Likert-type scale) of the patients were evaluated after the last applications.
* On the 21st day, the day of the next chemotherapy cycle, pain and anxiety levels were evaluated, state anxiety scale and perceived stress scale were administered, and serum cortisol level was evaluated in the morning before the start of chemotherapy.
* At the 3rd month follow-up, pain and anxiety levels (0-10 Likert-type scale), state anxiety scale and perceived stress scale were evaluated.

Patients were assigned to intervention, placebo, and control groups according to a randomization list. Laboratory fees for serum cortisol analyses were covered from a separate budget to ensure patients under the coverage of the Social Security Institution did not experience any deduction of fees. For each patient consenting to participate in the study, contact was made with the Ege University Faculty of Medicine Project and Special Services Coordination Center (PROKOM) for "Research Patient Identification", followed by contacting the Hospital Information Processing Department to open a "Research Patient" record. Laboratory requisitions for patients were made by the attending physician. Following serum cortisol analyses, data from the "Individual Identification Form, Visual Analog Scale, State Anxiety Inventory, Perceived Stress Scale" were collected from patients. Patients consenting to participate in the study were then initiated on treatment plans by a researcher with Level One certification in Reiki and PGE (Progressive Relaxation Exercise). Sham Reiki was administered by Sham Reiki practitioners. Patient rooms in the clinic were single occupancy, and efforts were made to control noise during interventions. Any accompanying family member/caregiver present in the room during the intervention was asked to leave for the duration of the application.

* Intervention Group (Reiki Group):
* Pre-test: Prior to initiating Reiki application, blood samples were obtained from the patients to assess serum cortisol levels; subsequently, data from the "Individual Identification Form, Visual Analog Scale, State Anxiety Inventory, Perceived Stress Scale" were collected by the researcher through face-to-face interviews. Reiki was administered for four days at designated times. Reiki was applied for a total duration of 25-30 minutes, with approximately three minutes per chakra region and the area of pain, while the patient was in a supine position, and the researcher's hands were positioned two to three centimeters above the chakra regions.
* Fourth-day follow-up: Data from the Visual Analog Scale were collected, and anxiety scores were evaluated.
* Twenty-first-day follow-up: Patients' serum cortisol levels were re-evaluated just before the start of their next chemotherapy session (between days 21-28), before initiating their current medical treatment (patients use cortisol alongside chemotherapy treatment), and data from the Visual Analog Scale, State Anxiety Inventory, and Perceived Stress Scale were collected.
* Three-month follow-up: Data from the Visual Analog Scale, State Anxiety Inventory, and Perceived Stress Scale were collected from the patients.
* Placebo Group (Sham Reiki Group):
* Pre-test: Prior to initiating Sham Reiki application, blood samples were obtained from the patients to assess cortisol levels; subsequently, data from the "Individual Identification Form, Visual Analog Scale, State Anxiety Inventory, Perceived Stress Scale" were collected by the researcher through face-to-face interviews. Sham Reiki was administered for four days at designated times. In this study, Sham Reiki practitioners mimicked a Reiki session by moving their hands over the patient's body in a specific sequence for a duration of 25-30 minutes. Sham Reiki was applied for a total duration of 25-30 minutes, with approximately three minutes per chakra region and the area of pain, while the patient was in a supine position, and the practitioner's hands were positioned two to three centimeters above the chakra regions. Sham Reiki practitioners consisted of nurses who did not believe in the transfer of biological field energy.
* Fourth-day follow-up: Data from the Visual Analog Scale were collected, and anxiety scores were evaluated.
* Twenty-first-day follow-up: Patients' serum cortisol levels were re-evaluated just before the start of their next chemotherapy session (between days 21-28), before initiating their current medical treatment, and data from the Visual Analog Scale, State Anxiety Inventory, and Perceived Stress Scale were collected.
* Three-month follow-up: Data from the Visual Analog Scale, State Anxiety Inventory, and Perceived Stress Scale were collected from the patients.
* Control Group (PGE Group):
* Pre-test: Prior to initiating PGE application, blood samples were obtained from the patients to assess cortisol levels; subsequently, data from the "Individual Identification Form, Visual Analog Scale, State Anxiety Inventory, Perceived Stress Scale" were collected by the researcher through face-to-face interviews. Patients received PGE for four days.
* Fourth-day follow-up: Data from the Visual Analog Scale were collected again, and anxiety scores were evaluated.
* Twenty-first-day follow-up: Patients' serum cortisol levels were re-evaluated just before the start of their next chemotherapy session (between days 21-28), before initiating their current medical treatment, and data from the Visual Analog Scale, State Anxiety Inventory, and Perceived Stress Scale were collected again.
* Three-month follow-up: Data from the Visual Analog Scale, State Anxiety Inventory, and Perceived Stress Scale were collected from the patients.

This study is a three-arm intervention trial. Reiki was applied to the intervention group, Sham Reiki to the placebo group, and Progressive Relaxation Exercise to the control group. The effects of these three methods applied to cancer patients on their levels of pain, anxiety, and cortisol were examined.

In order to prevent assessment bias, blinding was implemented throughout the collection of data from patients, evaluation of the effectiveness and reliability of the applied dependent variables, data processing, reporting, and statistical analysis. The researcher was provided with a randomization list by a statistical expert. The researcher was included in the study without knowing which group the patients would be assigned to, and the patients were also enrolled without knowledge of their group assignment. Therefore, this study was conducted as a three-arm, double-blind, randomized follow-up study in the experimental research model, with intervention, placebo, and control groups.

Reiki for Cancer: Pain, Anxiety, and Stress

The Effect of Reiki Applied to Cancer Patients on Pain, Anxiety, and Stress Levels: A Randomized Controlled Study

Stress levels of the patients was measured by Perceived Stress Scale and serum cortisol levels. The 14-item five-point Likert-type scale consists of two factors. The lowest score a participant can obtain from this scale is 0 and the highest score is 56. A high score indicates that the person's perception of stress is high. A high total score means that the perceived stress level is high. As a result of the score between 0-35, it can be said that the participants are in a positive stress level, they can cope with stress effectively and the coping mechanisms they use are functional. It can be said that the methods used by the participants with a score range between 36-56 are not functional, that is, they cannot cope with stress effectively. Prior to initiating the interventions, blood samples were obtained from the patients to assess serum cortisol levels; on the twenty-first day follow-up, they were reassessed before the commencement of medical treatment.

Anxiety level of the patients was evaluated with 0-10 Likert-type scale and State Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S). Anxiety level of the patients was evaluated with 0-10 Likert-type scale and State Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S). The original form was designed by Spielberger et al. (1970) to determine the state and trait anxiety levels of individuals separately. The scale can be administered to individuals aged 14 years and older. There are 20 items in the scale and the scale provides information about the anxiety level of the patient. There are ten inverted statements in the scale

The pain level of the patients was evaluated with a 0-10 Likert-type scale called Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The VAS is a scale used to determine the level of pain between "0: no pain" and "10: unbearable pain". VAS is considered a reliable and valid measurement tool in repeated measurements. It is used to assess the severity of acute pain. It has been noted to have higher sensitivity compared to other methods in evaluating pain severity.

Ege University

Research Assistant

Neoplasms

Digestive System Diseases

Pain, Postoperative

Colorectal Neoplasms

Mental Disorders

Psychotic Disorders

Intestinal Neoplasms

Gastrointestinal Neoplasms

Digestive System Neoplasms

Gastrointestinal Diseases

Colonic Diseases

Intestinal Diseases

Rectal Diseases

In individuals with normal daily circadian rhythms, cortisol levels peak at 8:00 AM, followed by a constantly declining daily cycle throughout the day. Therefore, it is important to collect blood samples taken for the measurement of serum cortisol levels approximately at the same time. Venous blood samples (3 ml) were obtained from the upper arm at 06:45 AM to evaluate the baseline and 45 minutes after Progressive Relaxation Exercise at 08:00. Vital signs and oxygen saturation were assessed at 6:30 AM before Progressive Relaxation Exercise and at 07:20 AM 5 minutes after Progressive Relaxation Exercise. Measurements were performed in the morning on the day of surgery and on postoperative days 1, 2, and 3.

In the control group, no application made during and after the surgical intervention, and routine treatment and care applied.

Progressive Relaxation Exercise involves stretching sixteen muscle groups while breathing in sequentially, relaxing while exhaling. Exercise can be from head to toe or from foot to head. In order for the technique to be effective, it is important to have affective (music, etc.) and visual aids. During the exercise, the patient should complete the processes of perceiving the tension in his body, maintaining control and getting into a state of relaxation. After the patient is informed about the exercise, the person starts with breathing exercises. A deep but relaxing breath is taken from the nose, and lips are given by contracting simultaneously with relaxation. During this application, the patient keeps contracting the muscle group that he exercises for 10 seconds; the nurse provides the patient to notice the temperature / warming felt in the muscle group.

Nuray Akyüz, Assoc. Prof.

Yasemin Özhanlı, PhD

This research was carried out as an pre-test/post-test control group experimental design study in order to determine the effect of progressive relaxation exercises on the level of vital sign, pain and anxiety underwent who laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer in patients. This research data was collected between March 2018 and May 2019. The research was carried out with 63 patients (experiment group= 31, control group= 32) who underwent elective laparoscopic colorectal surgery in a general surgery clinic of a university hospital in Istanbul and in accordance with the research criteria. Patients in the experiment group were taught breathing exercises in the preoperative period and on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd day after surgery then, progressive relaxation exercise that lasted 15 minutes was applied to the group. Pain (Short McGill Pain Scale) and anxiety (STAI-S Scale) levels of both groups were evaluated in the preoperative and postoperative period. The patient's vital signs, oxygen saturation and serum cortisol level parameters were measured in the same time interval before and after the relaxation exercise. Significance was evaluated at p \<0.05 and p\<0,001 levels in the analysis of the data. Prior to the study, the consent of the institution and ethics committee, written and verbal patient consent were obtained.

The universe of the study consisted of patients with colorectal cancer who were admitted to Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, General Surgery Clinics for treatment between March 2018 and May 2019 and who would undergo laparoscopic surgery.The research was planned as a randomized controlled experimental study. Block randomization method was to determine the experimental and control groups. In order for the groups to be distributed homogeneously, the order produced by a computer program(https://www.randomizer.org/) was used. Randomization done by a biostatistician outside the researcher. Patients who meet the inclusion criteria and agree to participate in the study assigned to the experimental and control groups according the randomization list.Research data will be collected in a hospital's general surgery ward between March 2018 and May 2019. The independent variable of the study is Progressive Relaxation Exercise.The dependent variables of the study are physiological parameters, pain, anxiety and serum cortisol. In the research, "Individual Characteristics Form" and "Patient Follow-up Form" prepared by the researcher in line with the literature will be used as data collection tools.

Effect of Progressive Relaxation Exercise on Physiological Parameters, Pain, Anxiety in Colorectal Cancer Surgery

The Effect of Progressive Relaxation Exercise on Physiological Parameters, Pain and Anxiety in Patients Undergoing Colorectal Cancer Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Study

Pain severity assessment with Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire In the first part, pain intensity is evaluated as 0=no pain, 1=mild pain, 2=moderate pain, 3=severe pain In the second part, the pain felt is evalauted using the Visuel Analog Scale (VAS).0-10; 0- No Pain, 10- Worst pain In the third part, the total pain intensity is measured with a 6-point Likert-type assessment. (0=no pain, 1=mild, 2=annoying , 3=troublesome, 4=miserable, 5=unbearable pain) Pain assessment for the experimental group Preoperative pain assessment of the experimental group was made before applying the progressive relaxation exercise. This evaluation was made 2 hours before surgery (6.30 am).

Pain assessment for the control group Preoperative pain assessment of the control group was made 2 hours before the operation in order to ensure the equivalence between the groups (6.30 am).

Anxiety severity with Spielberger's State and Trait Anxiety Inventory State Anxiety Subscale are specified by choosing one of the options "1) not at all, 2) somewhat, 3) moderately so, and 4) very much so" according to the severity of such experiences.

Anxiety assessment for the experimental group Preoperative anxiety assessment of the experimental group was made before applying the progressive relaxation exercise. This evaluation was made 2 hours before surgery (6.30 am).

Anxiety assessment for the control group Preoperative anxiety assessment of the control group was made 2 hours before the operation in order to ensure the equivalence between the groups (6.30 am).

Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) evaluations were made with a digital blood pressure measuring device.

For experimental group The first evaluation was made before applying the progressive relaxation exercise(6.30 am).

For the control group The first evaluation was made 6.30am.

Pulse rate (heart rate per minute) evaluation was made with a digital pulse-meter.

For the experimental group The first evaluation was made before applying the progressive relaxation exercise (6.30 am).

For the control group The first evaluation was made 6.30am.

Respiratory rate (respiratory per minute) evaluation was made by the researcher by counting 1 minute.

For the experimental group The first evaluation was made before applying the progressive relaxation exercise (6.30am).

For the control group The first evaluation was made 6.30am.

Body temperature (Celcius)assessment was made with a digital thermometer. For the experimental group The first evaluation was made before applying the progressive relaxation exercise (6.30am).

For the control group The first evaluation was made 6.30am.

Oxygen saturation (SpO2) was evaluated with a pulse oximeter. For the experimental group The first evaluation was made before applying the progressive relaxation exercise (6.30am).

For the control group The first evaluation was made 6.30am.

Blood samples were placed in tubes containing separator gel (SST-yellow tube) and serum cortisol level was analyzed in the relevant laboratory.

For the experimental group The first evaluation was made before applying the progressive relaxation exercise (6.45 am).

For the control group The first evaluation was made 6.45am.

In this section, dose (mg) of use of analgesics were followed. Table 1: Monitoring of analgesic use of patients Analgesic name Dose (mg) Postoperative 0 Opioid NSAİ Other

Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) evaluations were made with a digital blood pressure measuring device.

For experimental group Progressive relaxation exercise was applied, the second evaluation was made 5 minutes after the application (7.20am.).

For the control group Progressive relaxation exercise wasn't applied because of was control group, the second evaluation was made 7.20am.

Respiratory rate (respiratory per minute) evaluation was made by the researcher by counting 1 minute.

For the experimental group Progressive relaxation exercise was applied, the second evaluation was made 5 minutes after the application (7.20am.).

For the control group Progressive relaxation exercise wasn't applied because of was control group, the second evaluation was made 7.20am.

Body temperature (Celcius)assessment was made with a digital thermometer. For the experimental group Progressive relaxation exercise was applied, the second evaluation was made 5 minutes after the application (7.20am.).

For the control group Progressive relaxation exercise wasn't applied because of was control group, the second evaluation was made 7.20am.

Oxygen saturation (SpO2) was evaluated with a pulse oximeter. For the experimental group Progressive relaxation exercise was applied, the second evaluation was made 5 minutes after the application (7.20am.).

For the control group Progressive relaxation exercise wasn't applied because of was control group, the second evaluation was made 7.20am.

Blood samples were placed in tubes containing separator gel (SST-yellow tube) and serum cortisol level was analyzed in the relevant laboratory.

For the experimental group Progressive relaxation exercise was applied, the second evaluation was made 45 minutes after the application (8.00am.).

For the control group Progressive relaxation exercise wasn't applied because of was control group, the second evaluation was made 8.00am.

In this section, dose of use of analgesics were followed. Table 1: Monitoring of analgesic use of patients Analgesic name Doses (mg) Postoperative 1 Opioid NSAİ Other

In this section, dose of use of analgesics were followed. Table 1: Monitoring of analgesic use of patients Analgesic name Dose (mg) Postoperative 2 Opioid NSAİ Other

In this section, dose of use of analgesics were followed. Table 1: Monitoring of analgesic use of patients Analgesic name Dose (mg) Postoperative 3 Opioid NSAİ Other

Pain severity assessment with Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire

For the experimental group The pain assessment of the experimental group in the postoperative period was made on the 3rd day after surgery. This evaluation was made 1 hour after the progressive relaxation exercise on the 3rd postoperative day (8.30 am).

For the control group Postoperative pain assessment of the control group was made on the 3rd day after surgery.

Postoperative pain assessment of the control group was made on the 3rd day after surgery. Post-operative pain assessment of the control group was performed at the same time (8.30 am) to ensure intergroup equivalence.

Anxiety severity with Spielberger's State and Trait Anxiety Inventory State Anxiety Subscale are specified by choosing one of the options "1) not at all, 2) somewhat, 3) moderately so, and 4) very much so" according to the severity of such experiences.

Anxiety assessment for the experimental group The anxiety assessment of the experimental group in the postoperative period was made on the 3rd day after surgery. This evaluation was made 1 hour after the progressive relaxation exercise on the 3rd postoperative day (8.30 am).

Anxiety assessment for the control group Postoperative anxiety assessment of the control group was made on the 3rd day after surgery.

Postoperative anxiety assessment of the control group was made on the 3rd day after surgery. Post-operative anxiety assessment of the control group was performed at the same time (8.30 am) to ensure intergroup equivalence.

Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) evaluations were made with a digital blood pressure measuring device.

For the experimental group Measurements were made before and after progressive relaxation exercise. For the control group The measurements of the control group were made at the same time as the measurements of the experimental group to ensure intergroup equivalence.

Pulse rate (heart rate per minute) evaluation was made with a digital pulse-meter.

For the experimental group Measurements were made before and after progressive relaxation exercise. For the control group The measurements of the control group were made at the same time as the measurements of the experimental group to ensure intergroup equivalence.

Respiratory rate (respiratory per minute) evaluation was made by the researcher by counting 1 minute.

For the experimental group Measurements were made before and after progressive relaxation exercise. For the control group The measurements of the control group were made at the same time as the measurements of the experimental group to ensure intergroup equivalence.

Body temperature (celcius)assessment was made with a digital thermometer. For the experimental group Measurements were made before and after progressive relaxation exercise. For the control group The measurements of the control group were made at the same time as the measurements of the experimental group to ensure intergroup equivalence.

Oxygen saturation (SpO2) was evaluated with a pulse oximeter. For the experimental group Measurements were made before and after progressive relaxation exercise. For the control group The measurements of the control group were made at the same time as the measurements of the experimental group to ensure intergroup equivalence.

Blood samples were placed in tubes containing separator gel (SST-yellow tube) and serum cortisol level was analyzed in the relevant laboratory.

For the experimental group The first day evaluation was made 45 minutes after applying the progressive relaxation exercise (8.00 am).

For the control group The first day evaluation was made 8.00 am. Progressive relaxation exercise wasn't applied because of was control group.

Blood samples were placed in tubes containing separator gel (SST-yellow tube) and serum cortisol level was analyzed in the relevant laboratory.

For the experimental group The second day evaluation was made 45 minutes after applying the progressive relaxation exercise (8.00 am).

For the control group The second day evaluation was made 8.00 am. Progressive relaxation exercise wasn't applied because of was control group.

Blood samples were placed in tubes containing separator gel (SST-yellow tube) and serum cortisol level was analyzed in the relevant laboratory.

For the experimental group The third day evaluation was made 45 minutes after applying the progressive relaxation exercise (8.00 am).

For the control group The third day evaluation was made 8.00 am. Progressive relaxation exercise wasn't applied because of was control group.

YASEMİN ÖZHANLI

Research Assistant Doctor

Respiratory Tract (Lung and Bronchial) Diseases

Lung Neoplasms

Dyspnea

Respiration Disorders

Respiratory Tract Diseases

Signs and Symptoms, Respiratory

A total of 56 sessions of progressive relaxation were performed, 7 days a week for 8 weeks. Each session is set as fifty minutes

In the progressive relaxation technique, the tension and anxiety in skeletal muscles are relatively relieved.

This study was planned to examine the effect of progressive relaxation exercises applied to lung cancer patients receiving chemotherapy on dyspnea, pain and sleep quality.

It is thought that relaxation exercises reduce respiratory distress and improve sleep quality in lung cancer patients.

This study is an experimental study with pre-test and post-test contro

Progressive Relaxation Exercise and control group

Progressive Relaxation Exercise on Dyspnea, Pain and Sleep Quality

The Effect of Progressive Relaxation Exercise on Dyspnea, Pain and Sleep Quality in Lung Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy

The patients were asked to mark their level of pain during relaxation or activities on a 10 cm vertical or horizontal line. In addition, there were forms which were numbered from 1-10 or from 1-100. The number 0 is found at the beginning of the line, and the number 10 is located at the end of the line. A value of 0 shows that there is no pain, and the value 10 expresses unendurable pain. GAS is a common scale in the assessment of pain level. A patient is asked to mark the perceived pain on this line, and the marked point is measured in cm

The PSQI is a valid and consistent survey comprising of 19 questions to assess quality and amount of sleep and the existence of a sleep disorder and its level in the previous month. The scale was adapted into the Turkish language by Agargün et al. (1996). The scale consists of seven components that assess patients subjective sleep quality, sleep delay, use of sleeping medication and disfunction in daily activities. Each item scores in the range 0-3 points and the total score of the seven components gives the total PSQI score. The total score has a value between 0-21 and a high total score demonstrates a poor quality of sleep. A total PSQI score which is ≤5 indicates "good sleep", and a score which is \>5 indicates "poor sleep"

It is a 5-item scale developed by English Medical Research Council to evaluate dyspnea. While applying Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale, the patients are asked to indicate the level of activity that creates dyspnea in them. The patient chooses the most appropriate level that defines the respiratory problem by reading the options in the scale. The options are scored between 0 and 4; 0 means no dyspnea, 1 means mild dyspnea (respiratory distress when moving quickly and climbing slightly uphill); 2 means moderate dyspnea (walking slower than peers when walking straight on, stopping to breathe); 3 means severe dyspnea (stopping to breathe after walking about 100 m or for a few minutes) and 4 means very severe dyspnea (getting out of breath while doing daily chores at home, while putting on and taking off clothes and while going to toilet).

Study title	NCT ID	Conditions	Interventions	Eligibility	Organization
Reiki for Cancer: Pain, Anxiety, and Stress	NCT06296680	Therapeutic Tou... Cancer	Reiki Sham Reiki Progressive Rel...	18 Years - 90 Years	Ege University
Effect of Progressive Relaxation Exercise on Physiological Parameters, Pain, Anxiety in Colorectal Cancer Surgery	NCT04731428	Postoperative P... Nursing Caries Anxiety	Progressive Rel...	18 Years -	Kocaeli University
Reiki for Cancer: Pain, Anxiety, and Stress	NCT06296680	Therapeutic Tou... Cancer	Reiki Sham Reiki Progressive Rel...	18 Years - 90 Years	Ege University
Effect of Progressive Relaxation Exercise on Physiological Parameters, Pain, Anxiety in Colorectal Cancer Surgery	NCT04731428	Postoperative P... Nursing Caries Anxiety	Progressive Rel...	18 Years -	Kocaeli University
Progressive Relaxation Exercise on Dyspnea, Pain and Sleep Quality	NCT04978805	Cancer	Progressive Rel...	18 Years - 65 Years	Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University

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