Symptoms and General Pathology

All Conditions

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Urinary Tract, Sexual Organs, and Pregnancy Conditions

Gland and Hormone Related Diseases

Diseases and Abnormalities at or Before Birth

Syndrome

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Hyperandrogenism

Amenorrhea

Gonadal Disorders

Cysts

Ovarian Cysts

Ovarian Diseases

Adnexal Diseases

Genital Diseases, Female

Genital Diseases

Urogenital Diseases

Female Urogenital Diseases

Pregnancy Complications

Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications

Endocrine System Diseases

Menstruation Disturbances

Hypoglycemic Agents

All Drugs and Chemicals

Vasoconstrictor Agents

Respiratory System Agents

Insulin

Insulin, Globin Zinc

Hormones

Epinephrine

Racepinephrine

Epinephryl borate

10 women with exercise-associated hypothalamic amenorrhea

5 lean women with hyperandrogenic polycystic ovary syndrome. 5 women with weight excess and hyperandrogenic polycystic ovary syndrome.

5 lean women with non-hyperandrogenic polycystic ovary syndrome 5 women with weight excess and non-hyperandrogenic polycystic ovary syndrome

10 women who exercise as intensively as women with exercise-associated hypothalamic amenorrhea but with normal ovulatory cycles.

10 women matched by age and body mass index with women with polycystic ovary syndrome who do not perform physical activity on a regular basis

* Weight and height.
* Waist-to-hip ratio.
* Body composition: Bioelectrical impedance and \[Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)\].

Anthropometric and physical examination

Indirect calorimetry, accelerometer and seven-day dietary recall

* Lipid profile.
* Oral glucose tolerance test: plasma glucose and insulin, insulin sensitivity indices, gastrointestinal hormones, adipokines, oxidative stress markers.
* Sex steroid profile.
* Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis study.
* Ferrokinetic study.
* Subclinical chronic inflammatory markers.

Biochemical, hormonal and metabolic phenotyping

* Polycystic ovarian morphology.
* Carotid intima-media thickness.
* Eco-FAT: Ultrasound measurements of adipose tissue depots including sc, preperitoneal, intraperitoneal (ip), mesenteric, and perirenal fat thickness.

Sonographic studies

A\&D TM2430EX oscillometric devices (A\&D Company Limited, Tokyo, Japan).

24-hour Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring

Subcutaneous fat tissue and muscle tissue for proteomics an gene expression studies.

Percutaneous biopsy

Parasympathetic and sympathetic responses to deep breathing, Valsalva's maneuver and orthostatism.

Cardiovascular autonomic function studies

Oral smear and feces specimen

Elena Fernández Durán

Héctor F Escobar-Morreale, PhD, MD

Manuel Luque-Ramírez, PhD, MD

Reproduction requires from women enough energy depots to warrant an adequate nutritional supply to the fetus. Hence, adipose tissue is able to communicate with female hypothalamic-pituitary-ovary axis. The hypothesis of the project is that abnormalities in the quantity (absolute and relative to lean body mass), distribution and/or function of adipose tissue are associated with functional forms of female gonadal dysfunction in predisposed women, in a spectrum of anomalies that go from hypothalamic amenorrhea to the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). To challenge this hypothesis, the investigators will study 5 groups of 10 women each: women with exercise-associated hypothalamic amenorrhea, women without ovulatory dysfunction that exercise equally, non-hyperandrogenic patients with PCOS, hyperandrogenic patients with PCOS, and healthy control women comparable to those with PCOS. The aims of the study will be:

Primary objective: To identify novel signalling factors originating from adipose tissue and muscle using targeted and nontargeted evaluation of the proteome and of gene expression of superficial subcutaneous fat, deep subcutaneous fat (which mimics visceral adipose tissue) and skeletal muscle.

Secondary objectives:

1. To study the serum adipokine profile - including those identified by the primary objective - and circulating gut hormones during fasting and after a glucose load in the 5 groups of women, and their associations with sexual hormones and body fat distribution.
2. To study body composition and body fat distribution in these women and their relationships with:

2.1, Sex steroid profiles.

2.2. Classic cardiovascular risk factors: carbohydrate metabolism, lipid profiles and blood pressure.

2.3 Markers of low-grade chronic inflammation.

2.4. Oxidative stress markers.

2.5. Cardiovascular autonomic function.

2.6. Surrogate markers of subclinical atherosclerosis.

2.7. Circulating concentrations of endocrine disruptors.

2.8. Oral and gut microbiome.

The results will provide a better understanding of the mechanisms linking body energy depots with the female reproductive axis and, hopefully, the identification of potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of the disorders studied here.

Serum Plasma Whole blood samples Subcutaneous adipose tissue by percutaneous biopsy Muscle tissue by percutaneous biopsy Feces Oral smear

Body Fat as Determinant of Female Gonadal Dysfunction

Amount, Distribution and Dysfunction of Body Fat as Determinants of Female Gonadal Dysfunction: From Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea to the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

The investigators will deposit any datasets and supplemental materials to a generalist repository. The investigators will refer to the deposited material as an item in the bibliography of any manuscript and number the reference appropriately within the text.

At fasting and after an oral glucose challenge: Circulating concentrations of Leptin, Adiponectin, Chemerin, Lipocalin-2, Adipsin, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor (PAI)-1, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein (MCP)-1, and Soluble Leptin Receptor by multianalyte profiling on the Luminex Magpix system (Luminex Technologies, Austin, USA.).

At fasting and after an oral glucose challenge: Circulating concentrations of Amylin, C-Peptide, Ghrelin, Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP), Glucagon-Like Peptide (GLP)-1, Glucagon, IL-6, Insulin, Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP), Peptide YY, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α by multianalyte profiling on the Luminex Magpix system (Luminex Technologies, Austin, USA.).

Body mass index in in kg/m\^2. Sex steroids (including circulating total testosterone, estradiol, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate and estrone) measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Free testosterone will be calculated from total testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin levels.

Fat mass% by bioelectric impedanciometry and DEXA. Sex steroids (including circulating total testosterone, estradiol, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate and estrone) measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Free testosterone will be calculated from total testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin levels.

Lean mass% by bioelectric impedanciometry and DEXA. Sex steroids (including circulating total testosterone, estradiol, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate and estrone) measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Free testosterone will be calculated from total testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin levels.

Adipose tissue depots will be estimated using a Toshiba Nemio XG SSA-580A Diagnostic Ultrasound System. Minimum sc and preperitoneal fat thicknesses will be measured at the level of the xyphoid process. Maximum sc fat thickness will be measured at the level of the umbilicus. Intraperitoneal fat thickness will be measured placing a probe transversally in the midline of abdomen, 2 cm above the umbilicus. Three measures of ip fat thickness will be obtained: the distance from the fascia of rectus abdominis muscle to the vertebral column, the distance from the peritoneum to the vertebral column, and the distance from the linea alba to the vertebral column. Perirenal fat thickness will be estimated as the distance from the perirenal fascia to the renal surface. Sex steroids will be measured as previously described.

Fat mass, lean mass and body fat depots will be measured as previously described. Fasting glucose and insulin levels will be used for calculating the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and the composite insulin sensitivity index will be estimated from the glucose and insulin concentrations measured during the oral glucose tolerance test. Sex steroids will be measured as previously described.

Fat mass, lean mass and body fat depots will be measured as previously described. Circulating HDL-cholesterol and phospholipid levels will be measured by enzymatic methods after precipitation of plasma with phosphotungstic acid and Mg2+. Total cholesterol and triglyceride levels will be determined by enzymatic methods. LDL-cholesterol concentrations will be estimated by Friedewald's equation. Circulating apolipoprotein (Apo) AI, Apo B100, and lipoprotein (a) levels will be determined by kinetic immunonephelometry. Sex steroids will be measured as previously described.

Fat mass, lean mass and body fat depots will be measured as previously described. Office blood pressure will be determined as the mean of three manual sphygmomanometer readings in the sitting position. Sex steroids will be measured as previously described.

Fat mass, lean mass and body fat depots will be measured as previously described. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring will be performed using an A\&D TM2430EX oscillometric device (A\&D Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The cuff (12 × 22 cm for lean participants, 14 × 30 cm for overweight or obese participants) will placed on the nondominant arm in every woman. The period from 0700 to 2300 h will be considered daytime, and from 2300 until 0700 h the next day will be considered nighttime, reflecting the usual sleeping habits of Spaniards. Systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure as well as heart rate will be measured every 20 min during daytime and every 30 min during nighttime. Sex steroids will be measured as previously described.

Fat mass, lean mass and body fat depots will be measured as previously described. Cardiovascular autonomic function will be assessed by the blood pressure and heart rate responses to active standing, and Ewing and Clarke's tests. Sex steroids will be measured as previously described.

Fat mass, lean mass and body fat depots will be measured as previously described. Imaging will be conducted using a high-resolution 7.5-MHz phased-array transducer by the same trained operator in all the participants. Sex steroids will be measured as previously described.

Fat mass, lean mass and body fat depots will be measured as previously described. Oxidative stress profile will be measured by enzymatic assays: Plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, total antioxidant capacity, nitrotyrosine, protein carbonyl groups and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase levels. Sex steroids will be measured as previously described.

Participants will be instructed to collect fecal and salivary samples. DNA samples wil be used for massive sequencing of 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) amplicons in a MiSeq platform (Illumina). The bacterial diversity will be estimated by using Shannon, Chao 1, Jaccard, and Sorensen indexes with their SDs. Taxonomic affiliations will be assigned by using the RDP_classifier from the Ribosomal Database Project (RDP), and readings with RDP score value \<0.8 will be assigned to the upper taxonomic rank, leaving the last rank as unidentified. Sex steroids will be measured as previously described.

Spots Global Cancer Trial Database for sonographic studies