Symptoms and General Pathology

All Conditions

Neoplasms

Nervous System Diseases

Rare Diseases

Recurrence

Glioma

Central Nervous System Neoplasms

Nervous System Neoplasms

Spinal Cord Neoplasms

Astrocytoma

Oligodendroglioma

Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial

Neuroectodermal Tumors

Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive

Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal

Neoplasms by Histologic Type

Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial

Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue

Childhood Brain Stem Glioma

Cerebellar Astrocytoma, Childhood

Cerebral Astrocytoma, Childhood

Neuroepithelioma

Antineoplastic Agents

All Drugs and Chemicals

Etoposide

Carboplatin

Vincristine

Etoposide phosphate

Enzyme Inhibitors

Tubulin Modulators

Antimitotic Agents

vincristine: 1,5 mg/m² i.v., week 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,13,17,21

carboplatin: 550 mg/m² i.v., week 1,4,7,10,13,17,21

vincristine, carboplatin

vincristine: 1,5 mg/m² i.v., week 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,13,17,21

carboplatin: 550 mg/m² i.v., week 1,4,7,10,13,17,21

etoposide: 100 mg/m² i.v., week 1,4,7,10

vincristine, carboplatin, etoposide

intracranial tumor site: 30 fractions, dose per fraction: 1.8 Gy, total dose: 54 Gy, duration 6 weeks

spinal tumor site: 28 fractions, dose per fraction: 1.8 Gy, total dose: 50.4 Gy duration 5 1/2 weeks

radiation therapy

Astrid Gnekow

RATIONALE: Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays to kill tumor cells. Drugs used in chemotherapy, work in different ways to stop the growth of tumor cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing.

PURPOSE: This clinical trial is studying giving radiation therapy or combination chemotherapy to see how well it works in treating patients with clinically or radiologically progressive low-grade gliomas.

OBJECTIVES:

* Provide a comprehensive treatment strategy for children and adolescents with low-grade glioma of all tumour locations and histologies.
* Provide standardized treatment indication and treatment recommendations for non-surgical therapy in children and adolescents with low grade glioma without and with associated neurofibrosis-type 1 (NF1) at diagnosis or after observation.
* Determine overall, event-free, and progression-free survival.
* Radiotherapy arm: a. Determine progression free survival in older children without NF1 treated with radiotherapy using modern techniques for planning and treatment. b. Determine the reduction of the rate and intensity of possible late effects of therapy to the organs at risk by optimized planning and treatment.
* Chemotherapy arm: a. Determine progression free survival for younger children without NF1 treated with chemotherapy and randomized to either the 2-drug or the 3-drug induction regimen. b. Determine the distribution of response at week 24 (after induction) for younger children without NF1 treated with chemotherapy and randomized to either the 2-drug or the 3-drug induction regimen. c. Determine progression free survival for children with NF1treated with chemotherapy.
* Determine the influence of clinical and histological findings on overall survival, progression-free and event-free survival in these patients.
* Determine prospectively the late effects of tumor and therapy in these patients.

OUTLINE: This is a partially randomized, open-label, multicenter study.

Children with completely resected tumors, incompletely resected tumors, or those with clinically/neuroradiologically diagnosed tumors, who do not have severe symptoms at diagnosis, are only observed during follow-up.

Children with unresectable/incompletely-resectable tumors, or those with relapsed disease and those observed following incomplete initial resection or neuroradiologic diagnosis and clinical and/or neuro-radiologic progression receive non-surgical therapy. This non-surgical therapy is either chemotherapy (for children younger than 8 years and those with neurofibrosis-type 1 \[NF1\]) or radiotherapy (for children older than 8 years).

* Chemotherapy: Within the chemotherapy arm, patients without NF1 are randomized to receive 1 of 2 induction chemotherapy regimens. Patients with NF1 receive the two-drug induction therapy as in arm I.

  * Arm I (two-drug induction therapy \[vincristine-carboplatin\] ): Patients receive induction therapy comprising vincristine IV on day 1 of weeks 1-10 and weeks 13, 17, and 21 and carboplatin IV over 1 hour on day 1 of weeks 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 17, and 21.
  * Arm II (three-drug induction therapy \[vincristine-carboplatin-etoposide\]): Patients receive vincristine and carboplatin as in two-drug induction therapy. Patients also receive etoposide IV over 1 hour on days 1-3 of weeks 1, 4, 7, and 10.

Beginning in week 25, all patients in the chemotherapy arm receive consolidation therapy comprising vincristine IV on days 1, 8, and 15 and carboplatin IV over 1 hour on day 1. Treatment repeats every 6 weeks for 9 courses. Patients experiencing disease progression or an allergic reaction to carboplatin receive vincristine IV on days 1, 8, and 15 and either cyclophosphamide IV over 1 hour on day 1 or cisplatin IV over 3 hours on days 1 and 2. Treatment repeats every 6 weeks for 5 courses. All patients in the chemotherapy arm receive a total of 18 months of treatment.

* Radiotherapy: Conventional external beam fractionated radiotherapy is given at standard doses for children receiving radiotherapy. Brachytherapy can be given, if tumors are suitable for this type of treatment.

After completion of study treatment, patients are followed periodically for 10 years.

PROJECTED ACCRUAL: A total of 520 patients will be accrued for the randomized arm of this study.

Radiation Therapy or Combination Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Clinically or Radiologically Progressive Low-Grade Gliomas

Cooperative Multicenter Study for Children and Adolescents With Low Grade Glioma

radiological response to therapy (chemotherapy or radiation therapy)

Societe Internationale d'Oncologie Pediatrique

Chairlady

Eye Diseases

Diseases and Abnormalities at or Before Birth

Retinoblastoma

Eye Neoplasms

Retinal Neoplasms

Eye Diseases, Hereditary

Retinal Diseases

Central Nervous System Depressants

Antirheumatic Agents

Anti-Infective Agents

Anesthetics

Cyclophosphamide

Doxorubicin

Liposomal doxorubicin

Topotecan

Lenograstim

Mesna

Immunosuppressive Agents

Immunologic Factors

Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating

Alkylating Agents

Anti-Bacterial Agents

Antibiotics, Antitubercular

Topoisomerase I Inhibitors

Patients with early bilateral or unilateral, or patients with bilateral that have already had the advanced eye enucleated. Treatment included vincristine and carboplatin for 8 courses, given at 3-4 week intervals. Focal therapies any time after second course can include cryotherapy, laser photocoagulation, thermotherapy, and plaque radiotherapy

Patients with bilateral disease (at least one advanced stage eye), candidate for conservative management.

Treatment included window treatment with vincristine and topotecan, Followed by 3 more courses of vincristine-topotecan if they had a response to the window+ 6 courses of vincristine and carboplatin. If they do not respond to the window, they receive 6 courses of vincristine, carboplatin, and etoposide. Periocular carboplatin is also given three times, depending on whether they respond to window. External Beam Radiation 44-46 Gy administered using standard practices.

Patients with advanced unilateral advanced intraocular disease. First intervention is enucleation.

If enucleated eye does not have disease outside the retina (low risk), no additional treatment is given.

For patients whose enucleated eye shows tumor outside the retina (intermediate risk), they will receive 4 courses of vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin followed by G-CSF.

For patients with high risk disease (involvement of the sclera, optic nerve at the level of the cut-end), treatment after enucleation is 6 courses of alternating chemotherapy with vincristine, carboplatin, etoposide (VCE) to alternate with vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin (VCD). High risk patients also receive external-beam radiation therapy.

Enucleation (possibly associated with all treatment strata/arms. For Stratum A, patients with bilateral disease will have surgery to remove the advanced eye before chemotherapy, or patients that have disease progression after chemotherapy may have surgery to remove the affected eye.

For Stratum B, Surgical removal of the affected eye may be required in cases of disease progression For Stratum C, first intervention is removal of the affected eye.

Enucleation

(Stratum A subjects receive 8 courses every 3-4 weeks, Stratum B subjects receive this combination for Courses 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, and 10 after the window, if they respond to window therapy) Vincristine dosage\< 12 months of age: 0.05 mg/kg i.v. day 1, ≥ 12 months of age: 1.5 mg/m2 i.v. day 1 (max. dose 2 mg) Carboplatin will be administered i.v. to achieve an AUC of 6.5 mg/ml/min, day 1.

Vincristine, Carboplatin

Method will be at the discretion of the treating team, used after second course of chemotherapy. Cryotherapy- freezing of affected tissue, Laser photocoagulation- using lasers to destroy affected tissue, Thermotherapy and thermochemotherapy- using heat or heat/chemotherapy combination to destroy diseased tissue, and Episcleral plaque brachytherapy- radiation insertions in the diseased area to destroy affected tissue.

Focal Therapies

44-46 Gy administered using standard practices , limiting dose to normal tissues to subjects with recurrent or progressive disease not considered controllable with focal treatments, Stratum B subjects with suspected active disease after completing therapy, or patients considered to have high-risk disease.

External Beam Radiation

(Stratum B subjects receive two up-front courses of vincristine and topotecan, given in 21-day intervals, then those who respond receive 3 additional courses (courses 5, 8, and 11) after the window. Dosages are the same for both window and subsequent courses: Vincristine: \< 12 months of age: 0.05 mg/kg i.v. day 1, ≥ 12 months of age: 1.5 mg/m2 i.v. day 1 (max. dose 2 mg) Topotecan: TSE of 140 ± 20 ng/ml\*hr, daily for 5 consecutive days, infused over 30 minutes.

Vincristine and Topotecan

Stratum B patients that do not respond to window receive 6 courses of this combination.

Vincristine: \< 12 months of age: 0.05 mg/kg i.v. day 1, ≥ 12 months of age: 1.5 mg/m2 i.v. day 1 (max. dose 2 mg) Carboplatin will be administered i.v. to achieve an AUC of 6.5 mg/ml/min, day 1 Etoposide, \< 12 months of age: 3.3 mg/kg/d i.v. days 1 - 3, ≥ 12 months of age: 100 mg/m2/d i.v. days 1 - 3

Vincristine + Carboplatin + Etoposide

(High risk Stratum C patients in courses 2, 4, and 6 after enucleation, intermediate risk stratum C patients for four consecutive courses after enucleation) Vincristine: \< 12 months of age: 0.05 mg/kg i.v. day 1, ≥ 12 months of age: 1.5 mg/m2 i.v. day 1 (max. dose 2 mg) Cyclophosphamide: \< 12 months of age: 40 mg/kg i.v. day 1, ≥ 12 months of age: 1,200 mg/m2 i.v. day 1, MESNA 200 mg/m2 at 0, 3, 6, and 9 hours Doxorubicin \< 12 months of age: 1.5 mg/kg i.v. day 1, ≥ 12 months of age: 45 mg/m2 i.v. day 1

vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin

High risk Stratum C patients in courses 1, 3, and 5 after enucleation: Vincristine: \< 12 months of age: 0.05 mg/kg i.v. day 1, ≥ 12 months of age: 1.5 mg/m2 i.v. day 1 (max. dose 2 mg) Carboplatin will be administered i.v. to achieve an AUC of 6.5 mg/ml/min, day 1 Etoposide, \< 12 months of age: 3.3 mg/kg/d i.v. days 1 - 3, ≥ 12 months of age: 100 mg/m2/d i.v. days 1 - 3

Vincristine, Carboplatin and Etoposide

Periocular (subtenon) carboplatin 20 mg, one injection, in courses 5, 8, and 11 in patients responding to the VT window, and in courses 1, 3, and 6 of VCE in patients not responding to the VT window, when active vitreous disease is present. Carboplatin 20 mg will be diluted in 2 mL of NS or D5W and given by subtenon administration while the patient is under general anesthesia.

Periocular carboplatin

G-CSF (5 mcg/kg/day), will be administered starting 24-36 hours after the completion of each course of chemotherapy, for 7 to 10 days, until ANC is \> 2,000/mL in one occasion after the expected nadir.

G-CSF

Ibrahim Qaddoumi, M.D.

Retinoblastoma is a childhood cancer which affects the retina of the eye. The retina is the light sensitive layer of tissue that lines the back of the eyeball; sends visual messages through the optic nerve to the brain. When only one eye is affected, this is known as unilateral retinoblastoma and when both eyes are affected, it is called bilateral retinoblastoma. Treatment for retinoblastoma is individualized for each patient and is based on the form and the stage of the disease (inside the eye or has moved outside). The main goal is always to cure the cancer, and save the life of the child. Treatments are also designed with the hope of saving the vision, while completely destroying the tumor. Therapies may involve surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and other treatments called focal treatments. Focal treatments may be laser therapy, freezing, or heat treatments meant to shrink and kill the tumor.

In this study, researchers want to investigate how different participants respond to different therapies that are individualized specifically for them. Participants will be divided into three main groups, depending on whether the disease is unilateral or bilateral, and the stage of the disease. One of the main objectives of the study is to investigate how advanced tumors in children with bilateral disease respond to a new combination of chemotherapy with topotecan and vincristine, with G-CSF support. In order to improve results, some children with very advanced disease may receive carboplatin chemotherapy given around the eye at the same time that they receive topotecan by vein. Also, because children with retinoblastoma are diagnosed so early in life and the vision may be significantly impaired, this study will investigate how children develop and how the brain adjusts and compensates for the visual deficits. Finally, this study also investigates the biology of retinoblastoma, in order to understand better how this cancer develops.

This study will determine the following:

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE:

* To estimate the ocular survival and event-free survival of bilateral disease patients with advanced intraocular retinoblastoma in either eye (R-E IV-V) responding to the vincristine/topotecan window, with alternating cycles of vincristine and carboplatin with vincristine, topotecan, and periocular carboplatin, with intensive focal treatments.

SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:

* To estimate the ocular survival of eye and event-free survival of eye of bilateral disease patients with advanced intraocular retinoblastoma in either eye (R-E IV-V) responding to the vincristine/topotecan window, with alternating cycles of vincristine and carboplatin with vincristine, topotecan, and periocular carboplatin, with intensive focal treatments.
* To estimate the ocular survival and event free survival of patients with advanced intraocular retinoblastoma (R-E IV-V) not responding to the vincristine/topotecan window, with a combination of vincristine, carboplatin, etoposide, and periocular carboplatin, with intensive focal treatments.
* To estimate the ocular survival and event free survival of eye of patients with advanced intraocular retinoblastoma (R-E IV-V) not responding to the vincristine/topotecan window, with a combination of vincristine, carboplatin, etoposide, and periocular carboplatin, with intensive focal treatments.
* To estimate the ocular survival and event-free survival of patients with early stage intraocular retinoblastoma (R-E I-III) with vincristine and carboplatin with intensive focal treatments.
* To estimate the ocular survival of eye and event-free survival of eye of patients with early stage intraocular retinoblastoma (R-E I-III) with vincristine and carboplatin with intensive focal treatments.
* To estimate the response rate of early stage eyes (R-E I-III) in patients with contralateral advanced disease treated with vincristine and topotecan.
* To estimate the ocular survival and event-free survival of early stage eyes (R-E I-III) of patients with contralateral advanced disease treated with vincristine and topotecan.
* To describe the outcome of intraocular retinoblastoma with respect to the new International Classification for Intraocular Retinoblastoma and the AJCC.
* To describe primary visual cortex function in patients with unilateral and bilateral retinoblastoma.
* To describe the cognitive, adaptive, and social/emotional development of children with retinoblastoma.
* To describe changes in the pineal gland during treatment in patients with bilateral retinoblastoma.
* To assess the relation between CYP3A4/5 genotype and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of topotecan.
* To assess the relation between ABCG2 genotype and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of topotecan.
* To determine if carboplatin can produce changes in cochlear function that are detectable with measurement of otoacoustic emissions.
* To evaluate the need for and feasibility of starting early intervention support during the first year after the diagnosis of retinoblastoma.

EXPLORATORY OBJECTIVES:

* To provide insight into molecular pathogenesis of retinoblastoma.
* To describe the incidence and type of germline mutations of the RB gene in patients with retinoblastoma.

Study of Treatment for Patients With Cancer of the Eye -Retinoblastoma

Protocol for the Study and Treatment of Patients With Intraocular Retinoblastoma

The primary outcome is to estimate the proportion of stratum B patients responding to 2 courses of window therapy consisting of vincristine and topotecan. Complete Response is the complete regression of all apparent tumor masses in the funduscopic examination and by MRI and ultrasound (US). Partial Response is defined as greater than 50% (but less than 100%) reduction of the tumor masses in the funduscopic examination and by US and MRI, without the appearance of any new lesions. The response must persist for at least 4 weeks. Stratum A and C did not receive window therapy.

To estimate the proportion of early stage eyes defined as Reese-Ellsworth Group I, II, or III eyes, that responded to 2 courses of window therapy which consisted of vincristine and topotecan

Blood samples for pharmacokinetic studies were collected at 0 hour (pre-dose), 5 minutes, 1.5 and 2.5 hours after the end of topotecan dose on Course 1 Day 1, Course 2 Day 1, and if further studies were needed, Course 5 Day 1 and Course 8 Day 1. A blood sample for pharmacogenetic studies was collected during the course of therapy on protocol.

To estimate the 5-year event-free (EFS) survival of bilateral disease patients with advanced intraocular retinoblastoma in either eye (R-E IV-V) responding to the vincristine/topotecan window, with alternating cycles of vincristine and carboplatin with vincristine, topotecan, and periocular carboplatin, with intensive focal treatments.

Event-free survival will be defined per patient as follows: for patients with one advanced stage eye, the time interval from date on study to date of first event (an event includes external beam radiation or enucleation) of advanced stage eyes, time to first event will be used for the analysis. Event-free survival will be estimated using the method of Kaplan and Meier.

To estimate the 5-year ocular survival of bilateral disease patients with advanced intraocular retinoblastoma in either eye (R-E IV-V) responding to the vincristine/topotecan window, with alternating cycles of vincristine and carboplatin with vincristine, topotecan, and periocular carboplatin, with intensive focal treatments.

Ocular survival will be defined per patient as follows: for patients with one advanced stage eye, the time interval from date on study to date of enucleation of advanced stage eye or date of last follow-up, for patients with two advanced stage eyes, the time to the first enucleation will be used for analysis. Ocular survival will be estimated using the method of Kaplan and Meier. Standard error is 5-year ocular survival

To estimate the 5-year event-free survival (EFS) of eyes of bilateral disease patients with advanced intraocular retinoblastoma in either eye (R-E IV-V) responding to the vincristine/topotecan window, with alternating cycles of vincristine and carboplatin with vincristine, topotecan, and periocular carboplatin, with intensive focal treatments.

Event-free survival of eye will be defined per eye as the time interval from date on study to date of first event (an event includes external beam radiation or enucleation) or to last follow-up date for eyes without events. Event-free survival of eye will be estimated using the method of Kaplan and Meier. Standard error is 5-year EFS.

To estimate the 5-year ocular survival of eye of bilateral disease patients with advanced intraocular retinoblastoma in either eye (R-E IV-V) responding to the vincristine/topotecan window, with alternating cycles of vincristine and carboplatin with vincristine, topotecan, and periocular carboplatin, with intensive focal treatments.

Ocular survival of eye will be defined per eye as the time interval from date on study to date of enucleation or date of last follow-up. Ocular survival of eye will be estimated using the method of Kaplan and Meier. Standard error is 5-year ocular survival.

To estimate the 5-year event free survival of patients with advanced intraocular retinoblastoma (R-E IV-V) not responding to the vincristine/topotecan window, with a combination of vincristine, carboplatin, etoposide, and periocular carboplatin, with intensive focal treatments.

To estimate the 5-year ocular survival of patients with advanced intraocular retinoblastoma (R-E IV-V) not responding to the vincristine/topotecan window, with a combination of vincristine, carboplatin, etoposide, and periocular carboplatin, with intensive focal treatments.

To estimate the 5-year event free survival of the eye of patients with advanced intraocular retinoblastoma (R-E IV-V) not responding to the vincristine/topotecan window, with a combination of vincristine, carboplatin, etoposide, and periocular carboplatin, with intensive focal treatments

To estimate the 5-year ocular survival of the eye of patients with advanced intraocular retinoblastoma (R-E IV-V) not responding to the vincristine/topotecan window, with a combination of vincristine, carboplatin, etoposide, and periocular carboplatin, with intensive focal treatments

To estimate the 5-year event-free survival of patients with early stage intraocular retinoblastoma (R-E I-III) with vincristine and carboplatin with intensive focal treatments.

Event-free survival will be defined per patient as follows: for patients with one advanced stage eye, the time interval from date on study to date of first event (an event includes external beam radiation or enucleation) of advanced stage eyes, time to first event will be used for the analysis. Event-free survival will be estimated using the method of Kaplan and Meier.

To estimate the 5-year ocular survival of patients with early stage intraocular retinoblastoma (R-E I-III) with vincristine and carboplatin with intensive focal treatments.

Ocular survival will be defined per patient as follows: for patients with one advanced stage eye, the time interval from date on study to date of enucleation of advanced stage eye or date of last follow-up, for patients with two advanced stage eyes, the time to the first enucleation will be used for analysis. Ocular survival will be estimated using the method of Kaplan and Meier.

To estimate the 5-year event-free survival of early stage eyes (R-E I-III) of patients with contralateral advanced disease treated with vincristine and topotecan.

Event-free survival of eye will be defined per eye as the time interval from date on study to date of first event (an event includes external beam radiation or enucleation) or to last follow-up date for eyes without events. Event-free survival of eye will be estimated using the method of Kaplan and Meier.

To estimate the 5-year ocular survival of early stage eyes (R-E I-III) of patients with contralateral advanced disease treated with vincristine and topotecan.

Ocular survival will be defined per patient as follows: for patients with one advanced stage eye, the time interval from date on study to date of enucleation of advanced stage eye or date of last follow-up, for patients with two advanced stage eyes, the time to the first enucleation will be used for analysis. Ocular survival will be estimated using the method of Kaplan and Meier.

To describe the 5-year event-free survival of the eyes outcome of intraocular retinoblastoma with respect to the new International Classification (IC) for Intraocular Retinoblastoma and the AJCC.

Patients were re-classified into 2 groups of early (IC groups A and B) and advanced (IC groups C, D, and E) retinoblastoma. Analysis was done at eye level since each eye in the same patient could be a different group. Patients from stratum A and B were analyzed separately.

Three eyes (2 patients) in stratum B received external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) and were also coincident with enucleation surgery, so their event status was not changed. Although the 3 eyes had shorter EFS interval because EBRT occurred (less than 2 years) before the surgery, it did not change the 5-year survival probability.

To describe the 5-year ocular survival of eyes outcome of intraocular retinoblastoma with respect to the new International Classification (IC) for Intraocular Retinoblastoma and the AJCC.

Patients were re-classified into 2 groups of early (IC groups A and B) and advanced (IC groups C, D, and E) retinoblastoma. Analysis was done at eye level since each eye in the same patient could be a different group. Patients from stratum A and B were analyzed separately.

Three eyes (2 patients) in stratum B received external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) and were also coincident with enucleation surgery, so their event status was not changed. Although the 3 eyes had shorter EFS interval because EBRT occurred (less than 2 years) before the surgery, it did not change the 5-year survival probability.

To describe the 5-year event-free survival of eyes outcome of intraocular retinoblastoma with respect to the new classification of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC).

For AJCC staging, the patients were re-classified into 2 groups of early (AJCC=1, 1a or 1b) and advanced (AJCC=2, 2a, 2b, 3, 3a, 3b) retinoblastoma. The analysis was done at eye level since each eye in the same patient could be a different group. Patients from stratum A and B were analyzed separately

To describe the 5-year ocular survival of eyes outcome of intraocular retinoblastoma with respect to the new classification of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC).

For AJCC staging, the patients were classified into 2 groups of early (AJCC=1, 1a or 1b) and advanced (AJCC=2, 2a, 2b, 3, 3a, 3b) retinoblastoma . The analysis was done at eye level since each eye in the same patient could be a different group. Patients from stratum A and B were analyzed separately

The Early Learning Composite was assessed with Mullen Scales of Early Learning, a measure of developmental functioning appropriate for use with children from birth through age 5. It is an examiner-administered instrument that uses toys, games, pictures, and other objects to elicit information about a child's language, fine and gross motor skills, and overall early learning capabilities. Raw scores are converted to an age-normed standard score (normative mean = 100, SD = 15) for the overall Early Learning Composite. This measure was given at all time points. Higher scores are indicative of better functioning, with scores from 85-115 in the average range.

The Adaptive Behavior composite was measured using the Vineland Scales of Adaptive Behavior (VABS) which is an examiner-administered semi-structured interview that assesses adaptive functioning from birth through adulthood. Subscales including motor skills, communication, socialization, and daily living skills combine into an overall adaptive behavior composite which is an age-normed standard score (normative mean = 100, SD = 15). This measure was given at all time points. Higher scores are indicative of better functioning, with scores from 85-115 in the average range.

This outcome was measured using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire which is a parent-completed measure of a child's social-emotional functioning. Raw scores are calculated and compared to cut-off points by age (6 months = 45; 1 year = 48; 2 years = 50; 3 years = 59; 5 years =70). Higher scores are indicative of more problems with scores above the cut-off indicating significant concerns warranting additional follow-up. Possible scores range from 0 to 200+, depending on the number of items administered, which varies by the age of the child (19 to 33 items). However, the primary use of this tool is as a screener. Thus, typically, scores are interpreted as they compare to the identified cut-offs, with children who score above the cut-off referred for further evaluation. This measure was given at all time points.

The PSI is a commonly used measure of parenting stress. In 101 questions, the PSI delineates between stress as a function of child characteristics (e.g., adaptability, demandingness, mood; Child Domain) and stress as a function of parent characteristics (e.g., depression, sense of competence, social isolation; Parent Domain), as well as an overall stress score (Total Stress). Raw scores are calculated (normative means: Child Doman = 98.4; Parent Domain = 122.7; Total Stress Score = 221.1). This measure was given at all time points. Scores range from 131-320 for Total Stress, 69-188 for Parent Domain, and 50-145 for Child Domain, with higher scores indicative of greater stress (Total: \>260; Parent: \>153, Child: \>122).

The Bracken Basic Concepts Scale was used to assess school readiness. It is an examiner-administered measure that assesses per-academic skills including letter and number recognition, shapes, colors, and understanding of sizes and comparisons. Raw scores are converted into age-normed scaled scores (normative mean = 10, SD = 3) for the School Readiness Composite. Higher scores are indicative of stronger pre-academic skills, with scores from 7 to 13 within the Average range.

The MRI reports from bilateral patients were reviewed and data abstracted regarding pineal gland measurement and information about pineal cysts. The number of participants with change in primary visual cortex function from diagnosis through 6 years after last patient enrollment is reported here.

The MRI reports from bilateral patients were reviewed and data abstracted regarding pineal gland measurement and information about pineal cysts. The number of participants with change in pineal gland size is reported here.

For DP_amplitude to be considered valid, a baseline DP_SNR (Distortion Product for Signal-to-noise ratio) for each frequency (1000-8000 Hz) and for each ear (left and right) must be = 6 dB. Any ear with invalid amplitude at baseline for each frequency should be excluded. The DPOAEs amplitude levels were averaged across the right and left ears at each frequency in the patients exhibiting valid DPOAE amplitudes in both ears, resulting in mean DPOAE levels. Subsequently, comparisons between baseline and most recent evaluation (collapsed across ears) for each frequency were made to evaluate if a significant decrease in DPOAE amplitude exists between the two time points.

Functional magnetic resonance imagining (fMRI) was used to investigate primary visual cortex (V1) response to visual stimulation in 105 children being treated for intraocular retinoblastoma. Primary visual cortex activity was assessed in each subject using blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal. The BOLD signal was analyzed via a general linear model using Statistical Parametric Mapping software (SPM, Wellcome Institute of Neuology, London).

Voxel volume/peak BOLD response is a measurement of the volume of activation of the cortex. There is no known association with visual outcome at this time.

Functional magnetic resonance imagining (fMRI) was used to investigate primary visual cortex (V1) response to visual stimulation in 105 children being treated for intraocular retinoblastoma. Primary visual cortex activity was assessed in each subject using blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal. The BOLD signal was analyzed via a general linear model using Statistical Parametric Mapping software (SPM, Wellcome Institute of Neurology, London). The maximum t-statistic in activated cluster (negative BOLD) is provided.

Voxel volume/peak BOLD response is a measurement of the volume of activation of the cortex. There is no known association with visual outcome at this time.

National Cancer Institute (NCI)

St. Jude Children's Research Hospital

Early Unilateral or Bilateral Retinoblastoma. Stratum A includes mainly patients with early stage (Reese-Ellsworth group I, II, or III) bilateral retinoblastoma. Patients with unilateral disease diagnosed at an early stage, and patients with early multifocal unilateral disease are rare, but these patients are also candidates for conservative management and were treated in stratum A.

Stratum A

Advanced Bilateral Retinoblastoma. Stratum B includes patients with at least one Reese-Ellsworth group IV or V eye that after careful evaluation by the treating team is considered not to require upfront enucleation. A proportion of patients treated on this stratum will not have advanced disease in both eyes. Only stratum B patients received window therapy consisting of 2 courses of vincristine and topotecan.

Stratum B

Advanced Unilateral Retinoblastoma. Research participants with unilateral (unifocal or multifocal) advanced (Reese-Ellsworth group IV or V) intraocular disease will undergo upfront enucleation. Adjuvant therapy was also indicated in certain cases.

Stratum C

Total

Age, Continuous

Sex: Female, Male

Evaluable visual cortex (V1) activation for longitudinal analysis was detected in 77 patients.

Tumor Laterality

Ibrahim Qaddoumi MD

Partial response

Progressive Disease or New Lesion

Failure due to Toxicity

The primary objective related to stratum B patients only, as these were the patients who were given window therapy consisting of 2 courses of vincristine and topotecan. Of the 27 stratum B patients enrolled, all were included in the analysis of the primary objective.

Stratum B Response to Window Therapy

Progressive Disease / New lesion

Among the 27 stratum B patients with 54 eyes with retinoblastoma, 12 eyes were early stage (Reese-Ellsworth group I, II, or III). The remaining 42 eyes were advanced stage and were not included in this analysis.

Stratum B Response Rate of Early Stage Eyes to Window Therapy

CYP3A4\*1B: The null hypothesis is there is not a statistically significant difference between the genotype groups.

CYP3A5\*3: The null hypothesis is there is not a statistically significant difference between the genotype groups.

Of the 107 participants enrolled in the overall study, analysis was performed for 19 participants who were enrolled on Stratum B AND who had results for both topotecan clearance and pharmacogenetic studies.

Only wild-type was present in CYP3A5\*6, therefore, statistical analysis was not done for these alleles.

Relationship Between Topotecan Clearance (CL) and CYP3A4/5 Genotype in Stratum B Participants.

BCRP 1143: The null hypothesis is there is not a statistically significant difference between the genotype groups.

BCRP 15622: The null hypothesis is there is not a statistically significant difference between the genotype groups.

BCRP Exon 2: The null hypothesis is there is not a statistically significant difference between the genotype groups.

BCRP Exon 5: The null hypothesis is there is not a statistically significant difference between the genotype groups.

Pgp Exon 21: The null hypothesis is there is not a statistically significant difference between the genotype groups.

Pgp Exon 26: The null hypothesis is there is not a statistically significant difference between the genotype groups.

Of the 107 participants enrolled in the overall study, analysis was performed for 19 participants who were enrolled on Stratum B AND who had results for both topotecan clearance and pharmacogenetic studies.

Only wild-type was present in BCRP 15994, therefore, statistical analysis was not done for these alleles.

Relationship Between Topotecan Clearance (CL) and ABCG2/B1 Genotype in Stratum B Participants.

Advanced Bilateral Retinoblastoma. Stratum B includes patients with at least one Reese-Ellsworth group IV or V eye that after careful evaluation by the treating team is considered not to require upfront enucleation. A proportion of patients treated on this stratum will not have advanced disease in both eyes. Only stratum B patients received window therapy consisting of 2 courses of vincristine and topotecan.

Two patients (3 eyes) in stratum B received external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), and the same 2 patients later required enucleation of the treated eye, thus the failure (event number) and censoring status were not changed for the 2 patients.

Of the total 27 eligible patients in stratum B, 3 patients were not responding to the window therapy; 1 withdrew the consent and was taken off the study, and 2 developed disease progression. Kaplan and Meier estimate of ocular survival was calculated for the remaining 24 patients.

Event-free Survival of Stratum B Patients Responding to Window Treatment

From the total of 27 eligible patients in stratum B, 3 patients were not responding to the window therapy; 1 withdrew the consent and was taken off the study, and 2 developed disease progression. Thus, the Kaplan and Meier estimate of ocular survival was calculated for the remaining 24 patients.

Ocular Survival of Stratum B Patients Responding to Window Treatment

Of the 52 eyes (26 evaluable patients), 2 eyes (2 patients) were removed from analysis as they were not responsive to window therapy. In both cases, the contralateral eye was included in the analysis. One patient with upfront enucleation had only one eye for analysis. Eleven eyes were R-E Group I-III and were excluded. Total: 38 eyes for analysis.

Event-free Survival of Eyes in Stratum B Patients Responding to Window Treatment

Ocular Survival of Eyes in Stratum B Patients Responding to Window Treatment

The study closed to enrollment early due to poor accrual, but it remains open to follow-up. Both patients who developed new lesions in one eye during window therapy had a good response in the contralateral eye, and they continued on protocol therapy with vincristine/topotecan. Therefore, no patients were treated with this combination therapy.

Event-free Survival of Stratum B Patients Not Responding to Window Treatment

Ocular Survival of Stratum B Patients Not Responding to Window Treatment

Event-free Survival of Eyes in Stratum B Patients Not Responding to Window Treatment

Ocular Survival of Eyes in Stratum B Patients Not Responding to Window Treatment

All 23 stratum A patients received VC treatment and focal therapy.

Event-free Survival of Stratum A Patients

Ocular Survival of Stratum A Patients

The criteria considered eyes of all stratum B patients with R-E I-III (11 eyes in 11 patients).

Event-free Survival of Eyes of Stratum B Patients

Ocular Survival of Eyes of Stratum B Patients

Early Unilateral or Bilateral Retinoblastoma. Stratum A includes mainly patients with early stage (Reese-Ellsworth group I, II, or III) bilateral retinoblastoma. Patients with unilateral disease diagnosed at an early stage, and patients with early multifocal unilateral disease are rare, but these patients are also candidates for conservative management and were treated in stratum A.

The patients were re-classified into 2 groups of early (IC Group=A and B) and advanced (IC Group=C, D, E) retinoblastoma. The analysis was done at eye level since each eye in the same patient could be a different group.

Stratum A-Early Disease

Stratum A-Advanced Disease

Advanced Bilateral Retinoblastoma. Stratum B includes patients with at least one Reese-Ellsworth group IV or V eye that after careful evaluation by the treating team is considered not to require upfront enucleation. A proportion of patients treated on this stratum will not have advanced disease in both eyes. Only stratum B patients received window therapy consisting of 2 courses of vincristine and topotecan.

The patients were re-classified into 2 groups of early (IC Group=A and B) and advanced (IC Group=C, D, E) retinoblastoma. The analysis was done at eye level since each eye in the same patient could be a different group.

Stratum B-Early Disease

Stratum B-Advanced Disease

For the 23 stratum A patients, 35 eyes (12 bilateral patients, 11 unilateral patients) with IC grouping were analyzed. For 26 Stratum B patients, 1 eye with up-front surgery was excluded from analysis. 51 eyes with IC grouping were analyzed. Participants with bilateral disease may have one eye in each category.

Event-free Survival of Eyes in Stratum A and Stratum B Patients Based on IC Classification

Early Unilateral or Bilateral Retinoblastoma. Stratum A includes mainly patients with early stage (Reese-Ellsworth group I, II, or III) bilateral retinoblastoma. Patients with unilateral disease diagnosed at an early stage, and patients with early multifocal unilateral disease are rare, but these patients are also candidates for conservative management and were treated in stratum A.

The patients were re-classified into 2 groups of early (IC group=A and B) and advanced (IC group=C, D, E) retinoblastoma. The analysis was done at eye level since each eye in the same patient could be a different group.

Early Unilateral or Bilateral Retinoblastoma. Stratum A includes mainly patients with early stage (Reese-Ellsworth group I, II, or III) bilateral retinoblastoma. Patients with unilateral disease diagnosed at an early stage, and patients with early multifocal unilateral disease are rare, but these patients are also candidates for conservative management and were treated in stratum A.

The patients were re-classified into 2 groups of early (IC=A and B) and advanced (IC=C, D, E) retinoblastoma. The analysis was done at eye level since each eye in the same patient could be a different group.

Advanced Bilateral Retinoblastoma. Stratum B includes patients with at least one Reese-Ellsworth group IV or V eye that after careful evaluation by the treating team is considered not to require upfront enucleation. A proportion of patients treated on this stratum will not have advanced disease in both eyes. Only stratum B patients received window therapy consisting of 2 courses of vincristine and topotecan.

The patients were re-classified into 2 groups of early (IC group=A and B) and advanced (IC group=C, D, E) retinoblastoma. The analysis was done at eye level since each eye in the same patient could be a different group.

For the 23 stratum A patients, 35 eyes (12 bilateral patients, 11 unilateral patients) with IC grouping were analyzed.For 26 Stratum B patients, 1 eye with up-front surgery was excluded from analysis. 51 eyes with IC grouping were analyzed. Participants with bilateral disease may have one eye in each category.

Ocular Survival of Eyes in Stratum A and Stratum B Patients Based on IC Classification

Early Unilateral or Bilateral Retinoblastoma. Stratum A includes mainly patients with early stage (Reese-Ellsworth group I, II, or III) bilateral retinoblastoma. Patients with unilateral disease diagnosed at an early stage, and patients with early multifocal unilateral disease are rare, but these patients are also candidates for conservative management and were treated in stratum A.

The patients were re-classified into 2 groups of early (AJCC=1, 1a or 1b) and advanced (AJCC=2, 2a, 2b, 3, 3a, 3b) retinoblastoma. The analysis was done at eye level since each eye in the same patient could be a different group.

Advanced Bilateral Retinoblastoma. Stratum B includes patients with at least one Reese-Ellsworth group IV or V eye that after careful evaluation by the treating team is considered not to require upfront enucleation. A proportion of patients treated on this stratum will not have advanced disease in both eyes. Only stratum B patients received window therapy consisting of 2 courses of vincristine and topotecan.

The patients were re-classified into 2 groups of early (AJCC=1, 1a or 1b) and advanced (AJCC=2, 2a, 2b, 3, 3a, 3b) retinoblastoma. The analysis was done at eye level since each eye in the same patient could be a different group.

For the 23 stratum A patients, 35 eyes (12 bilateral patients, 11 unilateral patients) with IC grouping were analyzed. For 26 Stratum B patients, 1 eye with up-front surgery was excluded from analysis. Participants with bilateral disease may have one eye in each category.

Event-free Survival Per Eye in Stratum A and Stratum B Patients Based on AJCC Classification

Ocular Survival Per Eye in Stratum A and Stratum B Patients Based on AJCC Classification

Baseline

Participants at 6 months of age ±3 months.

6 Months

Data was collected from 94 unique patients. All patients were included, regardless of treatment strata. If the patient age at study entry (baseline) was within the window of an identified time point, their information was included with that time point.

Study title	NCT ID	Conditions	Interventions	Eligibility	Organization
Radiation Therapy or Combination Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Clinically or Radiologically Progressive Low-Grade Gliomas	NCT00276640	Primary Central...	vincristine, ca... vincristine, ca... radiation thera...	1 Day - 18 Years	Societe Internationale d'Oncologie Pediatrique
Radiation Therapy or Combination Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Clinically or Radiologically Progressive Low-Grade Gliomas	NCT00276640	Primary Central...	vincristine, ca... vincristine, ca... radiation thera...	1 Day - 18 Years	Societe Internationale d'Oncologie Pediatrique
Study of Treatment for Patients With Cancer of the Eye -Retinoblastoma	NCT00186888	Retinoblastoma Retinal Neoplas...	Enucleation Vincristine, Ca... Focal Therapies External Beam R... Vincristine and... Vincristine + C... vincristine, cy... Vincristine, Ca... Periocular carb... G-CSF	-	St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
Radiation Therapy or Combination Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Clinically or Radiologically Progressive Low-Grade Gliomas	NCT00276640	Primary Central...	vincristine, ca... vincristine, ca... radiation thera...	1 Day - 18 Years	Societe Internationale d'Oncologie Pediatrique

Spots Global Cancer Trial Database for vincristine, carboplatin