Heart and Blood Diseases

All Conditions

Symptoms and General Pathology

Neoplasms

Blood and Lymph Conditions

Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases

Thrombosis

Hemorrhage

Head and Neck Neoplasms

Hemostatic Disorders

Blood Coagulation Disorders

Intraoperative Complications

Vitamin K Deficiency

Hypokalemia

Potassium Deficiency

Embolism

Embolism and Thrombosis

Vascular Diseases

Hematologic Diseases

Hemorrhagic Disorders

Avitaminosis

Deficiency Diseases

Malnutrition

Nutrition Disorders

Micronutrients

All Drugs and Chemicals

Coagulants

Vitamins

Vitamin K

Menadione

Menaquinone

Naphthoquinone

Phylloquinone

Patients undergoing head and neck microvascular free flap surgery at Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.

Caroline U Nilsson, MD, PhD

For patients with large head and neck tumors the recommended treatment, in many cases, is a combination of extensive surgery and postoperative radiotherapy. The surgical procedure involves resection of the tumor and reconstruction with a so called microvascular free flap, i.e. tissue transferred from for instance the arm or leg to the resection site. Complications of this complex procedure include, but are not limited to, bleeding and blood cloths (thrombosis) in the transferred tissue (free flap), which can cause very serious complications including need for further surgery and loss of the flap.

Routine blood tests can measure parts of the system that regulates bleeding and the forming of blood clots, the so called coagulation system, but these tests don't cover the whole system. There are however more advanced instruments, such as ROTEM, rotational thromboelastometry, which provide a more global view of the hemostatic potential of whole blood. ROTEM is one of few more advanced assays that can be analyzed in emergency situations in major hospitals. Other more advanced coagulation assays are thrombin generation and measurements of specific coagulation factors, several of which are vitamin K dependent. Vitamin K is essential in the coagulation system and also involved in many other physiological processes. Deficiency of this vitamin is common, but not well studied in patients undergoing head an neck free flap surgery.

The investigators plan to study ROTEM and other above mentioned coagulation parameters in patients undergoing major head and neck surgery including microvascular free flap reconstruction to assess if these parameters can help predict patients at risk for bleeding or flap thrombosis. Further on this could hopefully enable prevention of complications and improve treatment of coagulation complications that still occur.

Microvascular reconstructive free flap surgery is an important part of the recommended treatment for extensive head and neck tumors. However, the procedure includes risks of perioperative coagulation related complications, such as bleeding, but also thrombosis in the flap blood vessels. In about 10% of cases this requires reoperation, but, in spite of intense efforts, about 5% of all patients suffer from flap failure, i.e. necrosis of the free flap. This results in significant suffering for the patients who must undergo further surgery and oftentimes considerable prolonged hospital stay etc. This in turn leads to increased health care costs. There are several indications that tendency towards thrombosis can increase the risk of flap failure.

Previous studies have indicated that increased levels of fibrinogen and inherited thrombophilia, such as APC resistance, are associated with thrombotic free flap complications, but more conventional coagulation parameters, such as PK/INR and aPTT have not shown the same connection. Low fibrinogen levels have also been associated with bleeding complications.

Most patients undergoing the above mentioned surgery receive anticoagulant therapy. However, there is no international consensus on any specific pharmacological regime. Many different prophylactic therapies are used, including low molecular weight heparin, dextran and acetylsalicylic acid. Still coagulation-related complications are difficult to prevent.

Defective coagulation apparently seems to be associated with bleeding and thrombotic perioperative complications. It would therefore be desirable to increase the knowledge about factors influencing the development of these complications, and the patients at risk for them. ROTEM, rotational thromboelastometry, is a viscoelastic essay that provides a more global view of the hemostatic potential in whole blood, and it is also one of few more advanced assays that can be analyzed around the clock in many Swedish hospitals.

The aim of this project is to study perioperative coagulation and vitamin K status, and thereby further on hopefully be able to prevent, and improve the treatment of, bleeding and thrombosis related complications in patients undergoing head and neck microvascular free flap surgery.

Coagulation and Vitamin K in Head and Neck Microvascular Free Flap Surgery

Perioperative changes in ROTEM MCF (EXTEM). Baseline values measured at start of surgery (day 0), thereafter repeated measurements are made until day 6. Power calculation is based on an expected change in ROTEM MCF (EXTEM) from day 0 to postoperative day 2 (based on Lison et al, Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2011.).

Perioperative changes in ROTEM Clotting Time (CT, s). Baseline values measured at start of surgery (day 0), thereafter repeated measurements are made until day 6.

Perioperative changes in ROTEM Clot Formation Time (CFT, s).

Perioperative changes in ROTEM alpha angle (°).

Perioperative changes in ROTEM Lysis Index 60 (LI60, %).

Perioperative changes in ROTEM Maximum Clot Firmness (mm).

Perioperative changes in prothrombin time (INR).

Perioperative changes in activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT, s).

Perioperative changes in thrombocyte levels (number/L).

Perioperative changes in thrombin generation; lag time (s).

Perioperative changes in thrombin generation; peak thrombin (nM).

Perioperative changes in thrombin generation; area under the curve (AUC).

Perioperative changes in protein C (kIU/L).

Perioperative changes in protein S (kIU/L).

Perioperative changes in fibrinogen (g/L).

Perioperative changes in antithrombin (kIU/L).

Perioperative changes in plasmin-antiplasmin complex, PAP (μg/L).

Perioperative changes in the vitamin K-dependent protein Gas6 (ng/mL).

Perioperative changes in the vitamin K-dependent protein dp-uc-MGP (pM/L).

Perioperative changes in the vitamin K-dependent protein Axl-receptor (pg/mL).

Perioperative changes in the vitamin K-dependent protein PIVKA-II (mAU/mL).

Connection between perioperative complications (thrombotic \[arterial/venous\] or bleeding) in the surgical site and abnormal levels of coagulation parameters mentioned above.

Perioperative changes in ROTEM INTEM Maximum Clot Firmness (MCF, mm).

Perioperative changes in ROTEM INTEM Clotting Time (CT, s).

Spots Global Cancer Trial Database for vitamin k deficiency