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Patients receive ketoconazole PO QD on days 1-4 before standard surgery in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

Best Practice

Roy E. Strowd

Roy Strowd

This trial studies the side effects and how well ketoconazole works before surgery in treating patients with glioma that has come back or breast cancer that has spread to the brain. Ketoconazole is an antifungal drug that may be able to block a protein, tGLI1 and may help to treat brain tumors.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:

I. To determine if ketoconazole alters the tGLI1 activation signature (tGAS) which is consisted of eight validated tGLI1 regulated genes (CD24, CD44, VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGFR2, TEM7, OCT-4. and heparanase) in tGLI1 expressing brain biospecimens.

SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:

I. To determine if pre-treatment with ketoconazole, an inhibitor of the tGLI1 pathway in tissue culture and animal models, reduces circulating tGLI1 associated exosomal miRNA expression (miR1290 and miR1246) in brain tumor patients.

II. To describe the safety of ketoconazole when administered peri-operatively to patients with primary and secondary brain tumors.

III. To measure the blood brain penetrance of ketoconazole in serum relative to enhancing brain tissue.

EXPLORATORY OBJECTIVES:

I. To measure blood brain penetration of ketoconazole in serum relative to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum relative to non-enhancing brain tissue (exploratory recurrent glioma patients only).

II. To compare tGLI1 expression and pathway modulation with ketoconazole pre-treatment in patients with recurrent gliomas relative to breast cancer brain metastases (BCBM).

III. To determine the overall survival and toxicity outcomes for patients that continue ketoconazole after surgery, at the discretion of the treating physician.

OUTLINE: Patients are randomized to 1 of 2 arms.

ARM I: Patients receive ketoconazole orally (PO) once daily (QD) on days 1-4 before standard surgery in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.

ARM II: Patients undergo standard surgery.

After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up at 30 days.

Ketoconazole Before Surgery in Treating Patients With Recurrent Glioma or Breast Cancer Brain Metastases

tGLI1 as a Therapeutic Target in Brain Metastases: A Window of Opportunity Study in Breast Cancer Brain Metastases and Primary Gliomas

Measured using mass spectroscopy. The analysis will be the same as that for the analysis of primary objective. If the sample size is too small, the nonparametric approach will be considered as the primary analysis.

Will be calculated and compared between treatment groups. Ideally analysis of covariance should be done. However, due to the small sample size, ANOVA as described for the primary analysis approach or the 2-sample t test will be used. If needed, non-parametric approaches will be used instead.

The Kaplan-Meier method will be used to estimate OS probability and median time of survival along with the 95% confidence interval.

The primary outcome of this study is modulation of the tGLI1 pathway as assessed by the tGLI1 activation signature 8 (t-GAS 8) \[29, 40\]. t-GAS 8 consists of eight validated tGLI1 regulated genes (CD24, CD44, VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGFR2, TEM7, OCT-4. and heparanase) and is measured using qPCR in patients whose brain tissue expresses tGLI1 (by IHC). The distribution of the tGAS will be examined and transformed to approximate the conditional normality assumption if necessary. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) methods will be used to determine the effects of different factors of interest (e.g., treatment or tumor type) on the outcomes measured.

tGLI1 pathway activation will be compared between treatment groups using ANOVA as described for the analysis of primary objective.

The safety of ketoconazole will be defined by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version (v) 4.0 criteria and determined by adverse event proportions. The adverse event proportions will be compared between treatment groups using chi-squared tests. If feasible, a logistic regression model will be used to detect whether the adverse event proportion is higher in the treatment group after adjusting for the tumor type.

The analysis will be the same as that for the analysis of primary objective.

National Cancer Institute (NCI)

Wake Forest University Health Sciences

Spots Global Cancer Trial Database for breast carcinoma metastatic in the brain